AIM : How can we describe the basic characteristics of plants?

1. AIM: How can we describe the basic characteristics of plants? Do Now: Name all the plants you saw today H.W. Read pages 238-245 and do questions 1-5 on 245.

9. List The 5 Characteristics of Plants • They perform photosynthesis to make GLUCOSE. • Can NOT move from place to place. • They have CELL WALLS for support. • They are MULTICELLULAR and have SPECIALIZED tissues. • Must have LIGHT, CO2, H2O, O2, and minerals.

10. What is VASCULAR TISSUE?? • tubelike cells that transport food & water through a plant. How does vascular tissue help a plant? - allows plants to be large organisms since it enables them to transport important nutrients from one part of a plant to another.

11. What are the 2 kinds of vascular tissue? • XYLEM– carries H2o from roots (zylum) to leaves. • PHLOEM –FOOD from leaves to (flowum) roots and vice versa.

12. What are the 2 kinds of plants? • Vascular = TRACHEOPHYTES = plants that have roots, stems and leaves. Ex: trees, grasses 2. Non-vascular = BRYOPHYTES= plants WITH NO roots, stems, or leaves. ex: mosses

13. Aim: How can we describe Roots, Stems, and Leaves? Do Now: • Hand in HW. • Describe some characteristics of Plants. H.W.: Read pgs 246-260 do questions 1-5 on 251 and 1-5 on 260

14. What is a ROOT?? • organs of vascular plants (usually below ground). What are the FUNCTIONS of a root? • Anchor a plant to the ground • Collect water & minerals from the soil • Store food, vitamins, minerals

15. What are the 2 KINDS OF ROOTS? • TAP ROOT – large slender root used to store food Ex: carrot, radish, dandelion 2. FIBROUS ROOT – long branching roots. Ex: trees, grass

16. ROOT TIP DIAGRAM: • ROOT HAIR – absorbs H2O • CORTEX – stores food • EPIDERMIS – protective layer • ROOT CAP – protects root tip • PHLOEM – carries food • XYLEM – carries H2O up to leaves • GROWTH REGION – dividing cells, area of growth.

17. What is a STEM? • organ which connects roots & leaves. FUNCTIONS: • supports leaves for light • Stores food • Contain vascular tissue to transport food & water.

18. What are the TYPES OF STEMS? • HERBACEOUS • soft, green, flexible • live 1-2 years • can do photosynthesis ex: grass, tulips, weeds • WOODY • hard, brown, rigid • live many years • cannot do photosynthesis ex: shrubs, trees

19. What are the rings in a tree trunk? • layers of old xylem cells. • New xylem is formed every year by the CAMBIUM **Rings do not form in herbaceous stems.

20. What is a LEAF? • plant organ that produces food (glucose) by photosynthesis. LEAF DIAGRAM: • CUTICLE – waxy layer, prevents H2O loss • EPIDERMIS –clear,protective layer of cells • PALLISADE LAYER-most photosynthesis occurs here; cells w/lots of chloroplasts • SPONGY LAYER-little photosynthesis here • VEIN – vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) • STOMATE – pore for gas exchange • GUARD CELLS – open & close stomates

22. How do plants make their own food? • by photosynthesis • They use CHLOROPHYLL(green pigment) to trap light energy and store the energy in glucose. What is the formula for photosynthesis??? CO2+H2O+sunlight+chlorophyll+enzymes ---- C6H12O6+O2+H2O

23. How does the plant get the reactants? CO2 – enters leaf thru stomates H2O – roots absorb it & xylem carries it to leaf LIGHT – from the sun ENZYMES & CHLOROPHYLL are made by the cells in the leaf.

24. What does the plant do with the products? GLUCOSE – broken down for energy by mitochondria during respiration OXYGEN + WATER are excreted through the stomates.

25. What is the relationship b/w photosynthesis & respiration? THEY ARE OPPOSITES! . . . • respiration releases energy while • Photosynthesis stores energy How are the reactants different? respiration – glucose & O2 photosynthesis – energy, CO2, H2O

26. How are the products different? resp. – energy, CO2, H2O photosyn. - glucose & O2 Where do they occur in the cell? resp. occurs in the mitochondria of ALL cells. photosyn. occurs in the chloroplasts of SOME leaf cells. Resp. = C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy Photosyn = CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2 +H2O energy

28. What is a TROPISM??? • growth of a plant in response to a stimulus. ** caused by plant hormones called AUXINS

29. What are some plant tropisms?? Phototropism = growth in response to light Geotropism = growth in response to gravity Hydrotropism = growth in response to water Thigmotropism = growth in response to touch

30. What is a POSITIVE tropism? • growth toward the stimulus What is a NEGATIVE tropism? - growth away from a stimulus

31. How do plants reproduce asexually? • plants use spores OR roots, stems, or leaves to reproduce ASEXUALLY What are SPORES? • reproductive cells produced by MITOSIS Which plants use spores? Moss & ferns

32. What is VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION? • reproducing new plants from vegetative structures (roots, stems, leaves) of a plant. TYPES: 1) Bulb – short underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves. - contain stored food & can form new plants Ex: onions, tulips, lillies

33. 2)Runners – horizontal stem that grows along the surface of the ground. - where stem touches soil it can form a new plant Ex: strawberry plants, grasses 3) Tuber –swollen portion of underground stem with buds or “eyes” - new plant develops from eye ex: potato, yams

34. 4) Rhizome – underground stem that produces new plants. Ex. Grass, iris 5) Cuttings – leaf which can produce roots Ex: ivy, geranium 6) Grafting – combining the parts of 2 different plants.

36. How do plants reproduce sexually? - Plants produce sperm and egg in special structures called cones and flowers What is a cone? - Reproductive structure with overlapping scales. Male Cone = small, produce pollen (sperm) Female Cone = large, produce egg and seeds Conifers = plants that use cones • most have needles • EX: Pine tree

37. What is a FLOWER? Reproductive structure of most plants Parts and functions 1. STIGMA- sticky catches pollen 2. STYLE- Supports the stigma 3. OVARY - becomes the fruit 4. OVULE- produces the egg 5. EGG- becomes the seed 6. POLLEN - holds sperm 7. ANTHER - produces pollen 8. FILAMENT - supports the anther 9. PETAL - attracts insects with color and odor 10. SEPAL - protects the “bud” 11. STEM - supports the flower

38. The pistil is the complete femalepart of the flower (stigma, style, ovary, ovule, egg) The stamen is the complete male part of the flower (anther, filament, pollen) 3 Types of Flowers 1. Complete - contains both male and female parts 2. Incomplete - has either male or female parts 3. Compound - has many sets of parts

39. What is POLLINATION? - The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma How??? - When wind, water, or animals carry pollen from flower to flower

40. What is cross POLLINATION? Pollen is transferred from one flower to another flower

41. What is self POLLINATION? • a complete flower transfers Pollen to its own stigma

43. What is FERTILIZATION? • The Uniting of a pollen grain (sperm) with an egg.

44. Pollination to fruit development in a flower • 1. Pollination - pollen transfer to a stigma

45. After Pollination…. 2. Pollen/Sperm make a tube to the egg 3.Fertilization occurs and the flower petals wither 4.The seed and ovary develop 5.The ovary ripens

46. Bud on the end of a stem.

47. The Bud is beginning to open.

48. Still opening.

49. Almost there.

50. Just a little more.