Review!

1. Review!

2. Greece: What was it known for? • Democracy • Men’s rights • Polytheism • Loyalty & dependence on gods • Olympics • Architecture • Philosophy • Language/alphabet • Literature

3. Rome: What was it known for? • Architecture • Gladiatorial Games • Republic • Road systems • Aqueducts • Emperors

4. Fall of Rome: What happened? • Visigoths invaded, led by Alaric • Suffocated city from outside-in • Pillaged and destroyed city • City fell apart • Colosseum used as… a farm • New settlers came and used bricks from old Roman buildings for new houses

5. Where did the power go? • Relocated to Byzantine Empire: the “Eastern” half of the Roman Empire • The West fell (What we knew as the Roman Empire) and lost all power as we knew it

7. Fall of empire led to… • Decline in literacy • Decline in civilization/sophistication • Trade had virtually disappeared • European economy left with trade (was import/export dependent) • One historian said, “It was as if Western Civilization had gone camping for 500 years.”

8. HOLY WARS THE CRUSADES

9. What were the crusades? • The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Moslems. The Crusadesstarted in 1095 when Pope Claremont preached the First Crusade at the Council of Claremont. The Pope's preaching led to thousands immediately affixing the cross to their garments - the name Crusade given to the Holy Wars came from old French word 'crois' meaning 'cross'. The Crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe for the purpose of rescuing the holy places of Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans. They were eight in number, the first four being sometimes called the Principal Crusades, and the remaining four the Minor Crusades. In addition there was a Children's Crusade.

10. What was the Cause for the Crusades? • The reason for the crusades was a war between Christians and Moslems which centered around the city of Jerusalem. The City of Jerusalem held a Holy significance to the Christian religion. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem commemorated the hill of crucifixion and the tomb of Christ's burial and was visited by Pilgrims. In 1065 Jerusalem was taken by the Turks and 3000 Christians were massacred starting a chain of events which contributed to the cause of the crusades.

11. What were the Objectives of the Crusades? • The objectives ofthe crusades was at first to release the Holy Land, in particular Jerusalem, from the Muslims, but in time was extended to seizing Spain from the Moors, the Slavs and Pagans from eastern Europe, and the islands of the Mediterranean.

12. How many Crusades were there? • There were a total of nine crusades! The first four crusades were seen as the most important- with the exception of the Children's crusade which effectively led to the decline of the crusades. For a period of two hundred years Europe and Asia were engaged in almost constant warfare. Throughout this period there was a continuous movement of crusaders to and from the Moslem possessions in Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt.

13. The Effects of the Crusades • The effects of the Crusades on Europe of the Middle Ages were an important factor in the history of the progress of civilization. The effects of the Crusades influenced the wealth and power of the Catholic Church, Political matters, commerce, feudalism, intellectual development, social effects, material effects and the effects of the crusades also prompted the famous Voyages of discovery.

15. NOW… • As a group, you all will be teaching the rest of your class about ONE of the Crusades. • Be sure to be specific, as the rest of your classmates will NOT be reading what you have read. • Make your main points CLEAR on the whiteboard for your classmates to copy down. • I will assign you your group AND Crusade.

16. IN GROUPS: • AS A GROUP, DECIDE WHO WILL PLAY EACH ROLE: • READER • WRITER • PRESENTER • YOU MAY SHARE ROLES, (meaning both be readers, writers, AND presenters), BUT EVERY STUDENT MUST PARTICIPATE