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Health Economists: Who We Are, What We Do, and How Much We Earn. Michael A. Morrisey, Ph.D. University of Alabama at Birmingham and John Cawley, Ph.D. Cornell University. AcademyHealth iHEA. Advisory Committee: Roger Feldman Richard Arnould Kate Bundorf Michael Hagan David Knutson
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Health Economists:Who We Are, What We Do,and How Much We Earn Michael A. Morrisey, Ph.D. University of Alabama at Birmingham and John Cawley, Ph.D. Cornell University
AcademyHealth iHEA Advisory Committee: Roger Feldman Richard Arnould Kate Bundorf Michael Hagan David Knutson Kristine Metter Sharron Arnold Thanks to:
Surveying Issues: • Web based survey: • Invitation & two follow-up emails issued • October 21 – November 21, 2005 • Sample Universe: • All U.S. members of iHEA • All members of AcademyHealth Health Economics Interest Group • Unduplicated total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,439 • Response Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 %
Do You Consider Yourself To Be: • A health economist 53% • An economist who works in health 21% • Neither 26% For this presentation we exclude those answering neither.
Who Are Health Economists? • Gender & Age • Race & Ethnicity • Marital Status • Dual Career Status
- Gender - 62% 38%
- Age - Age Group
Are More Women Entering the Field? Percent Women Age Group
- Marital Status and Dual Careers - • Dual Career Couples: • 70% • Of Dual Career Couples: • 27% dual academic • 10% dual economics
- Education and Training - • Degrees & fields of study • Formal field offered/taken • Health dissertation • Top econ schools for health economists
- Ph.D. Field of Study - 84.2% in 1989
- Formal Health Economics Field - Of those with an academic doctoral degree -- • Health economics field offered . . . . . 33% • Health economics field completed. . . 30% • Completed a health dissertation. . . . . 76%
Wisconsin -16 Chicago -11 Michigan -9 Yale -9 Harvard - 8 MIT - 8 Washington - 8 CUNY - 7 Maryland - 7 Berkeley - 6 Stanford - 6 Boston U - 5 Washington U - 5 St Louis Schools Awarding 5 or More PhDs in Economics to Health Economists 48 % of PhDs in economics reported by health economists granted by these 13 schools
How Are Health Economists Employed? • Employment by sector • Time spent in research, etc. • Hours worked per week • Time spent consulting • External funding expectations • Amount of teaching
Of Those in Academia… 24% are in Economics Departments Economics departments may be in A&S or B-Schools
Faculty Rank of Those in Academia… • 51% Tenured • 35% Tenure Track • 14% ~ Tenure Track • 8% Dept Chair • 15% Center Director
Of Those in Government & Private Sector… 35% also have an academic appointment
How Much Of Our Time Do We Spend? Overall Mean = 47.2 hours Overall Median = 50 hours
How Much Consulting Do We Do? Average consulting income of those with any: $19,445
How Much Grant/Contract Coverage? 31 % report explicit rewards or penalties tied to salary coverage
How Much Did We Teach in Last 2 Years? Academics only. * Excludes readings and independent study courses
What Does It Take To Get Promoted? • Percentage of respondents considering activities essential or recommended • Research/Teaching/Service • In Which Journals to Publish
What Does It Take to Get Promoted? Percent Essential or Recommended
What Does It Take to Get Promoted in Academia? Percent Essential or Recommended
Where to Publish to Get Promoted? Percent Essential or Recommended
Where to Publish to Get Promoted in Academia? Percent Essential or Recommended
How Much & Where Do We Actually Publish? • Articles and Book Chapters • Career • Last 5-Years • Mix of Journals
How Much Do Academics Publish? Mean Number of Articles and Book Chapters
In Which Journals Do Academics Publish? Percentages within these categories only
How Much & Where Do Non-Academics Publish? • Government • Career: 19 • Last 5 Years: 8.2 • Private Sector • Career: 22.5 • Last 5 Years: 9.6
What Sort of Training Do We Want for New Hires? • Economics Ph.D. with Health Field • Economics Ph.D. with Health Interest • Economics Ph.D. with No Health • Health Services/Health Policy Ph.D. • MD
Acceptable Training for New Health Economist Hire Percent Acceptable
Acceptable Training for New Health Economist Hire in Academia Percent Acceptable
Our Perceptions of Professional Experience • On publications for promotion • On pressure to cover full indirects • On likelihood of changing jobs soon • On parental leave • On journal/conference/grant reviews • On professional life
The quality of publications counts more for promotion and tenure at my institution than does the quantity of publications.
I am pressured to bring in grants/contracts than cover the full indirect rate at my institution.
There is a greater than 50% chance that I will be employed by another organization within 3 years.
The culture in my department is such that colleagues feel pressured to decline parental leave ... for fear it would hurt their chances for tenure and/or promotion.
Overall, I am satisfied with the review process at health economics journals.
Overall, I am satisfied with the review process for papers considered for inclusion at health economics conferences.
Overall, I am satisfied with the review process for federal/foundation grants & contracts.
What Do We Earn? • Mean annual incomes • By type of employer • Academic rank & contract • Type of academic school • Mean consulting income • Income and Consulting Regressions
Sample Restrictions • Self-designated health economists or economists working in health • Academic doctoral degree holders only • Employed only • Exclude: self-employed, retired, unemployed • Responded to all relevant questions • 222 usable observations in regressions • 145 academics • 77 non-academics
Earnings Definition “In the last 12 months, how much did you earn from your primary employer (including summer support, bonuses, and profit sharing but not housing allowance)?”