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Reaction Products. Simple … But So Effective. 1 - Precipitation Reactions. - Solubility Rules - All salts containing _____ are soluble Na + , K + , NH 4 + (Cation Rule) NO 3 - , C 2 H 3 O 2 - , ClO 3 - and ClO 4 - Halides, except Group I (Ag + , Pb 2+ , Hg 2 2+ )
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1 - Precipitation Reactions - Solubility Rules - All salts containing _____ are soluble • Na+, K+, NH4+ (Cation Rule) • NO3-, C2H3O2-, ClO3- and ClO4- • Halides, except Group I (Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+) • Sulfates, except Group I, Ba2+ and Sr2+ • Everything else is insoluble - The Exception
2 – Acid/Base Reactions • Strong Acids/Weak Acids • Strong Bases/Weak Bases • BrØnsted-Lowry Patterns • SA/SB • SA/WB • WA/SB • WA/WB • Phantom Molecules • Anhydrides • Hydrolysis • Lewis Acid/Bases
Strong Acids and Bases • Strong Acids … (Brown-LeMay) • HCl, HI, HBr • H2SO4 (first ionization) • HNO3 • HClO3 • HClO4 • Strong Bases … (Brown-LeMay) • LiOH • NaOH • KOH • RbOH • CsOH • Ca(OH)2 • Ba(OH)2 • Sr(OH)2
BrØnsted-Lowry Patterns • Strong Acid + Strong Base • H3O+ + OH- H-OH + H20 • Strong Acid + Weak Base • H3O+ + BOH H-OH + H20 +B- • Weak Acid + Strong Base • HA + OH- H-OH + A- • Weak Acid + Weak Base • HA + BOH H-OH + BA
Phantom Molecules‘Unstable Products’ • H2SO3 H2O + SO2 • H2CO3 H2O + CO2 • NH4OH H2O + NH3
Anhydrides • Acidic Anhydrides • Oxides of a Nonmetal • SO2 + H2O H2SO3 • Basic Anhydride • Oxides of a Metal • CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 • Acid Anhydride + Base Anhydride • Salt • CaO + SO3 CaSO4 • Add Heat to … CaO + SO3 CaSO4 • Reverses the Reaction
Hydrolysis • NaCl + H2O … • Na+ + Cl- + H2O Na+ + OH- +H+ +Cl- • H2O H+ + OH- • NaF + H2O … • F- + H2O HF + OH- • NH4+ + H2O … • NH4+ + H20 H30+ + NH3 • NH4C2H3O2 + H2O … • NH4C2H3O2 + H2O NH4OH + HC2H3O2
Lewis Acids/Bases • BF3 + NH3 • Lewis Diagram … F H F B :N H F H • BF3 + NH3 F3B-NH3 • Complex Ions • Double the cation charge (except Al – use 4) • Cu2+ + NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+
3 – Redox Reactions • Elemental Forms • 2 … H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2 • ‘Horses Need Oats For Clean Brown Iyes’ • 3 … O3 • 4 … P4 and As4 • 8 … S8 • Ions in Solution • Combustion • Electrolysis • Fused Salt • Ions