International Integration

1. International Integration CHAPTER TEN Dr. Clayton Thyne PS 235-001: World Politics Spring 2008 Goldstein & Pevehouse, International Relations, 8/e Student notes version

2. Supernationalism • Purpose of the chapter: • Supranational: • United Nations • European Union

3. Integration Theory • Definition: Refers to the process by … • sovereignty: • Ultimate expression of integration: • In practice: • Most successful example:

4. International Theory • Integration challenges realism  • Answer to dilemma: • Functionalism • Theory that discusses… • Supranational structures’ response…

5. International Theory • Neofunctionalism • Modification of functional theory by IR scholars that argues that… • Econ integration (functionalism)  • Sense of community • Integration  • Others trying to do the same:

6. International Theory • Costs of integration • Harder to … • Degradation of … • Central theme of integration:

7. The European Union • Created after WWII • EU has gone through … • EU has nearly 500 million citizens. • EU nearly equals the…

8. The Vision of a United Europe • Europe in 1945 – • Functionalism in Europe • 1950 merger of … • European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) • Six ECSC states signed treaty in 1952 to create a European Defense Community

9. The Treaty of Rome • Six states of the ECSC … • Extended coal and steel to: • Euratom: • European Economic Community (EEC):

10. The Treaty of Rome 4 steps towards European integration: • Free-trade areas: • Customs Union: • Common market: • Economic & monetary union (EMU): Future steps…

11. Structure of the European Union • Roots in … • Eurocrats … • Leaders have qualms about …

12. Structure of the European Union • European Commission • Staff of 24,000 • HQ in Brussels, Belgium • Commission has 27 individual members – one from each member state • Chosen for 4-year renewable terms • Lacks formal autonomous power except for day-to-day EU operations • Reports to, and implements policies of, the Council of Ministers

13. Structure of the European Union • Council of Ministers • Meeting of the relevant ministers of each member state – politicians who control the bureaucrats • Reflects states’ resistance to yielding sovereignty • Voting system is based on each state’s population, but in practice it operates by consensus on major policy issues. • Has a rotating presidency (with limited power) • European Council (1970s)

14. Structure of the European Union • European Parliament • Falls somewhat short of a true legislature passing laws for all of Europe • At present, it operates partly as a watchdog over the Commission, but with some power to legislate. • Must approve the Commission’s budget but no item by item control. • Shares power with the Council under a “co-decision procedure.” • Economic and Social Committee • European Court of Justice (Luxembourg)

16. The Single European Act (1985) • First major revision of the Treaty of Rome • Began a new phase of accelerated integration • Europe 1992 due to target date set • Centered on 300 directives from the European Commission • Push for European Central Bank • Moved economic integration into more political and controversial areas • Didn’t deal w/ many issues of political or military integration

17. The Maastricht Treaty • Renamed the EC as the EU and committed it to further progress in three main areas: • Monetary union: • Justice and home affairs: • Political and military integration: • Controversial:

18. The Maastricht Treaty • Ratification - • Has begun to reshape political economy at … • Political and military integration… • Struggle between … • Failure to deal w/ …

19. Monetary Union • A European currency, the euro, has replaced national currencies in 13 EU members, as mandated in the Maastricht process. • Came into full circulation in 2002 • Difficulties: • Main solution …

20. Monetary Union • Breaking the rules • Germany and France’s budget deficits over those allowed by the rules • Greece falsified economic data needed to be admitted • Difficult birth, given it was the largest financial overhaul ever attempted in history, and in its first five years was deemed very successful.

21. Expanding the European Union • Success has attracted neighboring states who wish to join. • EU has expanded from 15 members to 27 since 2004 • Spain and Portugal, 1986 (11th and 12th members) • Austria, Sweden, and Finland (1995) • Norway applied to join and was accepted, but its citizens voted down the idea in 1994. • Switzerland’s plans to join were halted by a popular referendum in the early 1990s.

22. Expanding the European Union • Current expansion guided by the 2000 Treaty of Nice • 10 new members joined in 2004 • Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, and Cyprus • Expanded to 25 members • Without the five largest having two seats • New voting rules that move away from a requirement for consensus • 2007, Romania and Bulgaria entered the EU, bringing the total to 27 • Turkey continues to seek membership • Would be the only Muslim country in the EU • Would bring workers, growth, bridge to the Middle East • Some fear immigration • Would be the poorest member • Cyprus • Inner and outer layers

23. Figure 10.2

24. Expanding the European Union • EU Constitution (late 2004 signed by 24 leaders) • To establish a stronger president of the EU, and a foreign minister, to represent Europe as a global superpower in world affairs • Rejected by France and the Netherlands, and the process was halted • EU still functions under existing rules. • Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE0) • Operates by consensus

25. Figure 10.3

26. The Power of Information • Global telecommunications are … • Technological advances are … • Creation of new …

27. Connecting the World • New international political possibilities arise from technological developments in the area of information dissemination. • The media with the strongest political impact are:

28. TV and Radio • Nearly 2 billion TV sets and 3 billion radio receivers in the world • Radio, and increasingly TV, reach the poorest rural areas of the global South. • Peasants who cannot read can understand radio. • Voice of America • British Broadcasting Corporation • TV is especially powerful. • Frequencies • Regulated by states • Satellite transmissions • Bypass state control • Al Jazeera

29. Figure 10.4

30. Telephone and Internet • Unlike TV and radio, … • Telephones make individuals international actors. • Explosive growth • Digital divide • Internet

31. Figure 10.5

32. Information as a Tool of Government • Information has become … • Access to information • Coordination of information • Use of information to influence… • Ownership of media by …

33. Information as a Tool Against Government • Information can be used against governments by foreign governments, NGAs, or domestic political opponents. • Domestic use • Iran – Internet uncensored • China – tremendous use, but censored • Philippines – text messages/cell phones used to sweep a president from office • Ghana – talk radio helped ordinary people throw out the ruling party in 2000 • Global peace demonstrations preceding the 2003 Iraq War

34. Information as a Tool Against Government • Government attempts to… • Security implications of information technologies • Smart weapons • Empowerment of small fringe groups • Hackers and viruses – cyber attacks

35. Telecommunications and Global Culture • Info revolution  2 contradictory forces: • Also… • Increase international interdependence • Transparency in international relations

36. Telecommunications and Global Culture • Strengthening of the identity principle • New sources and new avenues of … • Transnational communities • Cultural imperialism • Half of world’s 7000… • US dominates… • News stories are integrated, showing a common “world” theme • http://www.mcdonalds.com/ • http://www.princeton.edu/~ina/infographics/starbucks.html