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CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 5. IT ARCHITECTURES. Chapter Five Overview. SECTION 5.1 - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE BASICS Hardware Basics Computer Categories Software Basics SECTION 5.2 – MANAGING ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES Enterprise Architectures Information Architecture Infrastructure Architecture

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CHAPTER 5

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  1. CHAPTER 5 IT ARCHITECTURES

  2. Chapter Five Overview • SECTION 5.1 - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE BASICS • Hardware Basics • Computer Categories • Software Basics • SECTION 5.2 – MANAGING ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES • Enterprise Architectures • Information Architecture • Infrastructure Architecture • Application Architecture

  3. SECTION 5.1 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

  4. LEARNINGOUTCOMES • Describe the six major categories of hardware and provide an example of each • Identify the different computer categories and explain their potential business uses • Explain the difference between primary and secondary storage

  5. LEARNINGOUTCOMES • List the common input, output, storage, and communication devices • Describe the eight categories of computers by size • Define the relationship between operating system software and utility software

  6. INTRODUCTION • Information technology (IT) - any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization • Hardware - consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system • Software - the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks

  7. HARDWARE BASICS • Computer -an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data • Hardware components include: • Central processing unit (CPU) • Primary storage • Secondary storage • Input device • Output device • Communication device

  8. HARDWARE BASICS

  9. Central Processing Unit • Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together • Control unit -interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions • Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) -performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)

  10. Central Processing Unit • The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of a CPU • Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second • Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second

  11. Central Processing Unit • CPU speed factors • Clock speed • Word length • Bus width • Chip line width • Binarydigit (bit) -the smallest unit of information that a computer can process • Byte - a group of eight bits representing one natural language character

  12. Advances in CPU Design • Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip -type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions, enough to carry out most computations directly • Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip -limit the number of instructions the CPU can execute to increase processing speed • Virtualization - a protected memory space created by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual machines

  13. Primary Storage • Primary storage - the computer’s main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU

  14. Random Access Memory (RAM) • Random access memory (RAM) - the computer’s primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor’s high-speed external data bus • Volatility • Cache memory

  15. Random Access Memory (RAM)

  16. Read-Only Memory (ROM) • Read-only memory (ROM) -the portion of a computer’s primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power • Flash memory: rewritable read-only memory • Memory card: high capacity storage, removable (used in digital camera, PDA, cell phone) • Memory stick: nonvolatile memory

  17. Secondary Storage • Secondary storage - consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage • Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) - roughly 1 million bytes • Gigabyte (GB) -roughly 1 billion bytes • Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes

  18. Secondary Storage

  19. Magnetic Medium • Magnetic medium - a secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials • Magnetic tape -an older secondary storage medium that uses a strip of thin plastic coated with a magnetically sensitive recording medium • Hard drive -a secondary storage medium that uses several rigid disks coated with a magnetically sensitive material and housed together with the recording heads in a hermetically sealed mechanism

  20. Optical Medium • Optical medium types include: • Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM) • Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive • Digital video disk (DVD) • DVD-ROM drive • Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)

  21. Input Devices • Input device - equipment used to capture information and commands • Manual input devices • Joystick • Keyboard • Microphone • Automated input devices • Bar code scanner • Digital camera • Magnetic ink character reader

  22. Output Devices • Output device -equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests • Cathode-ray tube (CRT) • Liquid crystal display (LCD) • Laser printer • Ink-jet printer • Plotter

  23. Communication Devices • Communication device -equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another • Dial-up access • Cable • Digital subscriber line • Wireless • Satellite

  24. COMPUTER CATEGORIES • For the past 20 years, federally funded supercomputing research has given birth to some of the computer industry’s most significant technology breakthroughs including: • Clustering • Parallel processing • Mosaic browser

  25. COMPUTER CATEGORIES • Computer categories include: • Personal digital assistant (PDA) • Laptop • Tablet • Desktop • Workstation • Minicomputer • Mainframe computer • Supercomputer

  26. SOFTWARE BASICS • System software -controls how the various technology tools work together along with the application software • Operating system software • Utility software • Application software

  27. Utility Software • Types of utility software • Crash-proof • Disk image • Disk optimization • Encrypt data • File and data recovery • Text protect • Preventative security • Spyware • Uninstaller

  28. Application Software • Types of application software • Bowser • Communication • Data management • Desktop publishing • E-mail • Groupware • Presentation graphics • Programming • Spreadsheet • Word processing

  29. OPENING CASE QUESTIONSElectronic Breaking Points • Identify six hardware categories and place each product listed in the case in its appropriate category • Describe the CPU and identify which products would use a CPU • Describe the relationship between memory sticks and laptops. How can a user employ one to help protect information loss from the other? • What different types of software might each of the products listed in the case use?

  30. SECTION 5.2 Enterprise Architecture

  31. LEARNING OUTCOMES • Explain the three components of an enterprise architecture • Describe how an organization can implement a solid information architecture • List and describe the five ilities of an infrastructure architecture • Compare Web services and open systems

  32. ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES • Enterprise architecture - includes the plans for how an organization will build, deploy, use, and share its data, processes, and IT assets • Enterprise architect (EA) -a person grounded in technology, fluent in business, a patient diplomat, and provides the important bridge between IT and the business

  33. ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES • Primary goals of enterprise architectures

  34. ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES

  35. INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

  36. Backup and Recovery • Backup -an exact copy of a system’s information • Recovery - the ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure and includes restoring the information backup • Fault tolerance • Failover

  37. Disaster Recovery • Disaster recovery best practices include: • Mind the enterprise architectures • Monitor the quality of computer networks that provide data on power suppliers and demand • Make sure the networks can be restored quickly in the case of downtime • Set up disaster recovery plans • Provide adequate staff training, including verbal communication protocols “so that operators are aware of any IT-related problems

  38. Disaster Recovery Financial Institutions Worldwide Spending on Disaster Recovery

  39. Disaster Recovery • Disaster recovery plan -a detailed process for recovering information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood • Disaster recovery cost curve - charts (1) the cost to the organization of the unavailability of information and technology and (2) the cost to the organization of recovering from a disaster over time • Hot site • Cold site

  40. Disaster Recovery Cost Curve

  41. Information Security • A good information architecture includes: • A strong information security plan • Managing user access • Up-to-date antivirus software and patches

  42. INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE

  43. INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE • Five primary characteristics of a solid infrastructure architecture: • Flexibility • Scalability • Reliability • Availability • Performance

  44. APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE • Application architecture - determines how applications integrate and relate to each other

  45. Web Services • Web service -contains a repertoire of Web-based data and procedural resources that use shared protocols and standards permitting different applications to share data and services • Interoperability - the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by different manufacturers

  46. Web Services • Event -detect threats and opportunities and alert those who can act on the information • Service - more like software products than they are coding projects, and must appeal to a broad audience, and they need to be reusable if they are going to have an impact on productivity

  47. Open Systems • Open system -a broad, general term that describes nonproprietary IT hardware and software made available by the standards and procedures by which their products work, making it easier to integrate them • Allow systems to seamlessly share information • Capitalize on enterprise architectures • Eliminate proprietary systems and promote competitive pricing

  48. OPENING CASE QUESTIONSElectronic Breaking Points • How can an organization use an information architecture to protect its IT investment in electronic devices outlined in the case? • How can an organization use the devices mentioned in the case to protect information security? • Identify the five ilites and rank them in order of importance for a laptop (1 highest, 5 lowest) • Describe how a “Customer Phone Number” Web service could be used by one of the products outlined in the case

  49. CLOSING CASE ONEChicago Tribune • Review the five characteristics of infrastructure architecture and rank them in order of their potential impact on the Tribune Co.’s business • What is the disaster recovery cost curve? Where should the Tribune Co. operate on the curve? • Define backups and recovery. What are the risks to the Tribune’s business if it fails to implement an adequate backup plan?

  50. CLOSING CASE ONEChicago Tribune • Why is a scalable and highly available enterprise architecture critical to the Tribune Co.’s current operations and future growth? • Identify the need for information security at the Tribune Co. • How could the Tribune Co. use a classified ad Web service across its different businesses?

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