Sausage and Politics

1. Sausage and Politics Nationalism and Statecraft in Nineteenth-century Europe

2. Ideology System of guiding doctrines and beliefs Political and social agenda Mechanisms to put that agenda into practice

3. Reviewing 19th-c. European Ideologies

4. Nationalism: Unification • Based on the idea that unity = strength • Seeks to unify people who have a common language and culture • Generally championed by bourgeois liberals Giuseppe Mazzini, liberal Italian nationalist

5. Nationalism: Separatism • Based on the idea of ethnic solidarity • Uses resentment of foreign rule and xenophobia as a way to rally people MilošObrenovic I, Prince of Serbia, 1848

6. Nationalism often includes discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities 19th-Century Example Ethnic cleansing today Russian removal of the Circassians; Pyotr N. Gruzinsky. The Mountaineers Leave the Aul, 1872. Croatian removal of the Serbs from Krajina, August 4, 1995.

7. The changing face of Europe Europe, 1815 Europe, 1871

8. Important concept: Realpolitik • Amoral • Realistic • Focused on achieving specific goals • Most important goal: increasing a state’s power Otto von Bismarck, 1880, age 75

9. Germany Case Study in National Unification

10. German states 1648-1848 • German-speakers lived in many different states • Prussia and Austria competed for leadership of the German-speaking states • Zollverein—Prussian-led economic alliance

11. Revolution of 1848: Frankfurt Assembly • Bourgeois liberals wanted to build on Zollverein to unify politically • Offered the Prussian king the crown because only Prussia had the military power to defeat the other German princes • Prussians attacked Frankfurt Assembly

12. Competition for Leadership Schmerling Bismarck • Austria • Pragmatist • Nationalism was a great threat to the Austrian Empire • Offered a liberal constitution for the German Confederation in 1861 in order to coopt liberalism and weaken the nationalists • Prussia • Pragmatist • Liberalism was a threat to monarchial power, but national identity not so much. • Advocated policies designed to coopt nationalism in order to weaken the liberals

13. Prussian Militarism • The military was the basis of the Prussian government • Realpolitik: strategic use of decisive wars • Demonstrate Prussia’s power • Quick: resolve it before other powers get involved Frederick William I, King of Prussia (1713-1740) by Wilhelm Camphausen

14. “War is politics by other means” – Carl von Clausewitz • Franco-Prussian War (1870-1) • Ems Dispatch: cynical use of the press on both sides to start the war • Bismarck used the French threat to unite the German states under Prussian military command • German Empire: Federal system with Prussia dominating the legislature Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I, Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 1871

15. Serbia Case Study in Nationalist Separatism

16. Quick overview of Serbian History • Ottoman Empire defeated the Serbs in 1389, made Serbia a province in the 1500s • Serbs often caught between the political ambitions of the Ottomans and Austrians

17. Serbian Revolution • In 1804, Serbs initially called for autonomy; quickly devolved into war of independence • Second Serb Uprising, 1815-17: Russian military support, resulted in Serbian autonomy • Serbia became an independent state in 1878 The Skull Tower, built by the Ottomans with the skulls of Serb revolutionaries in 1809

18. Balkan Powder Keg • Many distinct ethnic groups in the Balkans and Central Europe • Each wanted its own homeland • Borders were arbitrary to suit the interests of the great powers • Many of these groups hated each other • Ultimately led to several wars, including World War I