THE COLD WAR BEGINS

1. THE COLD WAR BEGINS U.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 13

2. 39 countries set up parameters of UN • General Assembly – every member nation with one vote • Security Council – 11 members, 5 permanent – Britain, U.S., France, China, Soviet Union • April 25, 1945: 50 countries officially organize UN & sign the charter on April 26 • Security Council is responsible for international peace & security & could ask members to use military force if necessary UNITED NATIONS

4. February 1945: FDR, Churchill, & Stalin meet to discuss what to do after war • Key Issue: Poland. • Agreement: FDR & Churchill would recognize communist government set up by Soviets & Stalin would involve members of the prewar Polish government & allow for free elections • Declaration of Liberated Europe: asserted that the people of Europe would be allowed to choose their form of government through free elections • Germany: divided into 4 zones controlled by Britain, France, U.S., & Soviet Union. Reparations for war damages could be paid with trade goods & products, half of which went to Soviet Union • SEE MAP PG. 319 YALTA CONFERENCE

5. From Left: Winston Churchill, FDR, Joseph Stalin

6. Two weeks after Yalta, Soviets pressured king of Romania into having a communist government • U.S. accused Soviets of violating Declaration of Liberated Europe • Soviets refused to allow 3 non-communist members into Polish government. No free elections either • April 1 – FDR informed Soviet Union that their actions were unacceptable • COLD WAR: era of confrontation & competition between nations that lasted from about 1946 to 1990 RISING TENSIONS

7. Soviet Security: wanted Germany weak & countries in between them & Germany to be under their control. Stalin believed communism to be a superior economic system that would replace capitalism & accepted Lenin’s theory that capitalist nations would try to destroy communism • Economic Differences: • U.S. = capitalistic economy where private citizens controlled almost all economic activity; voting by people elected a president & congress from competing political parties. • Soviet = communistic economy where the state controlled all property & economic activity; Communist Party established a totalitarian government with no opposing parties • FDR & advisers were convinced that economic growth through world trade was key to peace (Internationalism ideal). SOVIET CONCERNS & U.S. ECONOMY

8. December 1946: Resolution makes genocide punishable internationally • Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: 1st human rights treaty • Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948: chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt. Inherent dignity of every human & a commitment to end discrimination UN RESPONSES TO THE WAR

10. July 1945 – Meeting of the “Big Three” – U.S., Britain, Soviet Union. Truman wanted Germany’s economy to revive through industrialization. Soviets wanted reparations to be paid. • Truman was against heavy reparations. Suggested that Soviets take reparations from their zone & offered them a small amount of industrial equipment from the other zones with payments toward these with food shipments. Stalin did not like this as his zone was mostly agricultural. • Truman will pressure Stalin to keep his promise at Yalta for free elections by a secret ballot with a multiparty system in Poland. Stalin will not do this. • Truman learns of the success of atomic bomb tests & hinted to Stalin about the new, powerful weapon (bully tactic). Stalin knew he had to accept the terms in order to get some reparations. POTSDAM CONFERENCE

12. Presence of Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that pro-Soviet communist governments would be established in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia (satellite nations) • March 5, 1946: Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill coins the phrase “iron curtain” falling across Eastern Europe with the communist takeover. For 43 years these term will be used to describe communist nations of Eastern Europe & Soviet Union. • SEE ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES PG. 321 • SEE MAP PG. 322 IRON CURTAIN DESCENDS

16. The Long Telegram • Message sent by George Kennan explaining his views of the Soviets & their behavior • Soviets view of the world came from a traditional sense of insecurity & fear of the West which was intensified by the communist ideas of Lenin & Stalin • Kennan proposed what becomes the basic American policy throughout the Cold War: containment CONTAINING COMMUNISM

18. After the war, Soviet troops in northern Iran were supposed to withdraw. Instead they stayed & Stalin demanded access to Iran’s oil supplies & would begin to help local communists in northern Iran set up a separate government • America saw the actions as a Soviet push into the Middle East. Message was sent to Stalin to withdraw & the USS Missouri was sent into the eastern Mediterranean • Soviet forces withdrew as they were promised a joint Soviet-Iranian oil company which Iranian parliament later rejected CRISIS IN IRAN

19. Stalin wanted control of the Dardanelles in Turkey as it provided a strategic route from the Black Sea into the Mediterranean. Truman will make a show of force sending the Missouri & the new aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt to protect Turkey & the eastern Mediterranean • Britain was trying to assist Greece in fighting against Greek communist guerillas who were trying to take over the Greek government. Britain will not be able to continue to assist Greece & informed Truman • Truman Doctrine: Truman will ask Congress for $400 million to fight communist aggression in Greece and Turkey. Goal is to aid those who worked to resist being controlled by others. It pledged the U.S. to fight the spread of communism worldwide • SEE PRIMARY SOURCE PG. 324 TRUMAN DOCTRINE

21. Cartoon Represents the growing feeling in America in 1946 that the Soviet Union was effectively ‘conquering’ eastern Europe. Stalin – as one of the Big Three – is depicted as a policeman (one of those in charge with keeping order in the world), but he is abusing his position by taking ‘territorial gains’. The cartoon is also critical of Truman & the United Nations, who are depicted as weak, dithery, & ultimately complicit in Stalin’s expansionism – because they are allowing it. The message of the cartoon is essentially a call for the U.S. government to take a tougher line with the USSR – it is saying that the US needs to adopt what was later called ‘the Truman Doctrine’

22. Proposed by Secretary of State George C. Marshall, June 1947 • Economic Recovery Program (Marshall Plan): pumped billions of dollars of aid to European nations to use to rebuild their economies, or to aid in the battle “against hunger, poverty, desperation, & chaos”. • Truman saw the Marshall Plan & Truman Doctrine essential for containment of communism • Soviets rejected this type of assistance. • The region’s recovery through this plan weakened the appeal of communism & opened new markets for trade • In 1949, Truman proposed assistance for underdeveloped countries outside the war zone. Point Four Program will aide them with scientific advances & industrial progress • SEE CHART PG. 325 MARSHALL PLAN

26. Western Europe’s prosperity depended on Germany’s recovery but Soviets wanted reparations to be paid. American officials concluded Soviets were trying to undermine Germany’s economy. • U.S., Britain, & France will merge their zones, setting the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) & allowed the Germans to have their own government. They merged their zones in Berlin as well (West Berlin). • Soviet zone will become the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) with East Berlin • Soviets were convinced that they would never get their reparations & would blockade West Berlin in June 1948 • Berlin Airlift - June 1948 to spring 1949: Truman sent bombers to bases in Britain & would begin flying supplies into Berlin instead of troops. This symbolized American determination of containment & to not give into Soviet demands BERLIN AIRLIFT

29. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)– formed April 1949. • 12 countries: U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, & Iceland. • Agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attacked. • 1st time U.S. committed to maintaining peace in Europe • 6 years later, NATO allowed West Germany to rearm & join its organization. Soviets were alarmed & organized a military alliance in Eastern Europe with 7 countries known as the Warsaw Pact • SEE MAP PG. 326 NATO

31. Communist forces led by Mao Zedong& the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shekcontinued their civil war that they had suspended to fight against the Japanese during WWII • U.S. will send $2 billion in aid to the Nationalist government to keep them in power. The funds were squandered this advantage due to poor military planning & corruption. • 1949: Communists had captured Beijing & support for Nationalists declined. • August 1949: U.S. discontinued aid & Nationalists fled to Formosa (Taiwan. • October 1949: People’s Republic of China (communist nation) is formed • 1950: China & Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship & alliance. • U.S. will use its veto power in the UN Security Council to keep representatives of the new communist China out of UN CHINESE REVOLUTION

32. General Douglas MacArthur was in charge of occupied Japan & was to introduce democracy & keep them from threatening war again. • With changes in China U.S. decided to allow for the recovery of Japan’s industrial economy, looking at Japan as the key to defending Asia NEW POLICIES IN JAPAN

33. At end of WWII: American & Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm Japanese troops. They divided Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude. Soviets controlled the north, American troops the south. • Talks to reunify Korea broke down. Communist Korean government organized in the north, American-backed government controlled the south. Soviets provided military aid to North Koreans who built an army. • June 25, 1950: North Korean troops invaded the south, driving back South Korean forces • Truman saw this as a test of the containment policy & ordered naval & air power into action. He obtained support from the UN stating the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council over the China policy. UN agreed to send troops. THE KOREAN WAR

34. Truman orders MacArthur to send American troops from Japan to Korea. The American & South Korean troops were driven back to the port of Pusan where they resisted the North Koreans, giving MacArthur time. • September 15, 1950: MacArthur orders an invasion behind enemy lines at the port of Inchon. Taking the North Koreans by surprise they will retreat back across the 38th parallel. Truman gave the order to pursue them beyond the 38th parallel. MacArthur pushed them back to the Yalu River, the border with China • China Enters the War: UN troops advanced passed the river despite warnings from communist China. Chinese forces then began fighting forcing the UN forces back across the 38th parallel. MacArthur demands approval to expand the war against China asking for a blockade of Chinese ports, use of Chiang Kai-shek’s forces & the bombing of Chinese cities with atomic weapons THE KOREAN WAR

35. Truman Fires MacArthur: Truman refused MacArthur’s demands. MacArthur will publicly criticize the president & argued that it was a mistake to keep the war limited. Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination in April 1951. MacArthur returned home to parades & a hero’s welcome. Truman will be supported by Congress & military leaders who supported his decision to be committed to limited war in Asia. • SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 329 THE KOREAN WAR

36. Armistice Ends Fighting: By mid-1951 UN forces had pushed the Chinese & North Korean forces back across the 38th parallel. July 1951 – peace negotiations began in Panmunjom. Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected president in 1952 & traveled to Korea. He will hint to the Chinese that the U.S. might use a nuclear attack against Korea. July 1953 – negotiators signed an armistice (NOT a treaty) with a battle line near the prewar boundary (38th parallel) & created a demilitarized zone (DMZ) separating them. American troops are still based in Korea to help defend South Korea’s border. • Changes in Policy: U.S. will embark on a major military build up to help contain communism as the Cold War now expanded into Asia. In 1954, U.S. signed defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, & Taiwan. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is formed in 954. Aid will flow to French forces fighting Communists in Vietnam • SEE MAP PG. 327 THE KOREAN WAR

37. Chinese Troops

39. September 1945: Igor Gouzenko walked out of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Canada with information showing a Soviet effort to infiltrate government agencies in Canada & U.S. to obtain information on the atomic bomb. • This escalated into a general fear of communist subversion • State & local governments, universities, businesses, unions, churches, & private groups began to purge communists from within their organizations • Taft-Hartley Act 1947: required union leaders to take oaths that they were not communists. Union leaders did not object & launched efforts to purge their own organizations. A NEW RED SCARE

40. Truman set up the Federal Employee Loyalty Programwhich included the Loyalty Review Board which was to investigate ALL federal employees & to dismiss those found to be disloyal to U.S. government or a part of any organization that was considered “subversive”. • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) led the investigation of some 14k people. 2k quiz their jobs under pressure, 212 were fired for “questionable loyalty” LOYALTY REVIEW PROGRAM

41. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) formed in 1938 to investigate subversive activities in U.S. • J. Edgar Hoover will go before the committee in 1947 asking them to hold public hearings on Communist subversion not just against communists but against “communist sympathizers” & “fellow travelers”. FBI, under Hoover’s leadership, will infiltrate groups suspected of subversion & wiretap thousands of phones HUAC

43. 1947 – HUAC will focus on the film industry as it was believed communists were sneaking in propaganda into films. Committee pointed to pro-Soviet films made during WWII when Soviet & U.S. were allies. Ronald Reagan (future president) was head of the Screen Actors Guild & testified before the committee that there were communists in Hollywood. HUAC then put ten screenwriters (“Hollywood Ten”) on the stand. They all used their 5th amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination & refused to testify. Producers will then create blacklists of individuals who was believed to be a communist or who refused to cooperate with the committee HUAC ATTACKS HOLLYWOOD

45. REFERENCING TODAY

46. Whittaker Chambers testified on HUAC that several government officials were former communists or spies. He named Alger Hiss who served in FDR’s administration, attended Yalta Conference, & helped organize the UN. Chambers accused Hiss of giving him secret State Department documents. Hiss denied all of this & of knowing Chambers. Committee was going to drop the case until Richard Nixon (CA representative & future president) convinced them to see who lied. Chambers produced copies of documents & microfilm to prove Hiss was lying. Jury agreed & convicted Hiss of perjury. Soviet cables released in the 1990s by the National Security Agency proved Hiss’ guilt. ALGER HISS

47. September 3, 1949 Soviets exploded an atomic bomb. In 1950, German physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted to giving the Soviet Union info about atomic bomb. He implicated Ethel & Julius Rosenberg. FBI arrested the Rosenbergs who were minor members of the communist party & were charged with being spies. Rosenbergs denied the charges stating that they were being persecuted for being Jewish & having radical beliefs. They were convicted of espionage & sentenced to death. Appeals & pleas were denied & they were our first U.S. civilians executed in June 1953 for espionage. THE ROSENBERGS

49. American & British cryptographers cracked the Soviet Union’s spy code allowing them to read messages between Moscow & the U.S. Messages confirmed extensive Soviet spying & ongoing efforts to steal nuclear secrets. Existence was revealed in 1995. These documents provided strong evidence that the Rosenbergs were guilty • SEE ANALYZING SUPREME COURT CASES PG. 333 – Watkins v. United States 1957 PROJECT VENONA

50. Joseph R. McCarthy will give a speech to a Republic women’s group in W.VA stating that he had a list of 205 names of individuals were communists working in the government. He will continue on accusing Democratic Party Leaders of corruption & of protecting communists. He would target Secretary of State Dean Acheson & George C. Marshall. • McCarthy’s list will NEVER appear. • Internal Security Act (McCarran Act): made it illegal to attempt to establish a totalitarian government in the U.S. & required all Communist0related organizations to publish their records & register with the U.S. attorney general. • Truman was unwilling to punish people for their opinions & vetoed the bill. Congress overrode his veto in 1950. U.S. Supreme Court cases eventually will limit the act’s ability. MCCARTHYISM