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Welcome to Biology 103 !

Join instructor Jerry Fugate in Biology 103 to delve into emergent properties, biological hierarchy, natural selection, and classification. Discover the fascinating world of life organization, reproduction strategies, and energy acquisition in different organisms.

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Welcome to Biology 103 !

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  1. Welcome to Biology 103 ! Instructor: Jerry Fugate Office: 218B Jackson Hall

  2. Biology 103 - Main points/Questions Things to understand the first day. What are we talking about this term? What do you remember from 101 & 102? Do all organisms reproduce like humans?

  3. What do you remember from 101 (102?)? Emergent property • Can you remember what this term means and an example from biology?

  4. Terminology: • Emergent property • A property of a complex system that appears as a result of interactions between the components of the system.

  5. These tiles all have properties – shape, texture, color, size, strength… Fig. 1.2, p. 4

  6. Emergent Properties: • Biological examples are common: • Starch and Cellulose

  7. Cellulose – an indigestible fiber that builds plant cell walls

  8. Starch – an easily digested energy storage molecule. Starch grains in a plant chloroplast

  9. Emergent Properties: • Biology is full of emergent properties because there are many layers of complexity – the hierarchy of biology!

  10. More from 101&102 • Emergent property ✔ • Biological Hierarchy - what do we mean by this?

  11. This term we will focus on the intermediate levels of organization • Tissues • Organs • Organ systems • & Organisms

  12. We will using humans as a starting point

  13. Some Human Organ Systems Each one has emergent properties!

  14. Each organ system has an important role in building the organism that you are! We will focus on reproduction first – but not just in humans.

  15. Compare & Contrast • Think of three or four ways plants and animals are similar • Think of three or four ways plants and animals are different

  16. Plants have many of the same needs as animals • Gas exchange • Circulation • Nutrition • Support... • How do organisms build the properties they need?

  17. We build more and more complex assemblies… so do plants!

  18. Plants have complex organization including Tissues Organs Organ systems

  19. More from 101 & 102 • Emergent property✔ • Biological Hierarchy✔ • Natural Selection – what do you remember about how this works?

  20. Potential for rapid reproduction Relatively constant resources and population size over time Competition for survival and reproduction Variability in structures and behaviors NATURAL SELECTION: On the average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspring Some variability is inherited EVOLUTION: The genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection Observation Conclusion based on observation

  21. On scratch paper write: • Your name. • What was your favorite part of biology so far (where did you take it?) • Thing you are most interested about in this class. • Why are you taking this class (prereq? general requirement…? Major..?)

  22. Organizing life into categories • We sort organisms according to apparent similarities – homologies • Domains are the broadest categories • Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya • Kingdoms are the next broadest • Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

  23. More from 101 & 102 • Emergent property✔ • Biological Hierarchy✔ • Natural Selection✔ • Domain & Kingdom

  24. Modern classification scheme • Three domains – do you remember them? • Bacteria - diverse prokaryotes • Archea - little studied prokaryotes, many live in extreme environments. • Eukarya - cells with nucleus and mitochondria • Animals • Plants • Fungi • Others... (protista)

  25. eukaryotic cell! prokaryotic cell!

  26. Modern classification scheme • This term focus on the Eukarya (kingdoms?) • Animals • Plants • Fungi • Others... (protista) • We focus mostly on organisms with complex multicellularity…

  27. Complex Multicellularity • cell specialization • different cells use different genes • different genes are activated during development • intercellular coordination • the adjustment of a cell’s activity in response to what other cells are doing • the cells of all complex multicellular organisms communicate with one another • Plants & Animals (and many fungi) are like this

  28. How do these organisms get the energy and materials (molecules) they need? • Where do they get their energy? • Chemo vs. photo • Where do they get their nutrients? • Hetero vs. auto

  29. Different kingdoms are distinguished by… • Modes of nutrition • Plants – photosynthesis = photoautotrophs • Fungi – absorptive chemoheterotrophs • Animals – ingestive chemoheterotrophs • Often people will just say autotroph or heterotroph.

  30. Different kingdoms are distinguished by… • Reproductive strategy • The kingdoms have different strategies for sexual reproduction • All alternate meiosis & fertilization • what do those terms mean?

  31. Life Cycle Terminology: • Haploid v. Diploid • Meiosis • Mitosis • Fertilization • Gametes • Lets look at the animal life cycle…

  32. Fig. 10.4 Specialized reproductive cells (gametes) are haploid. But they are made from diploid cells – the process that does this is called meiosis

  33. Fig. 10.4 Haploid gametes then join together This is called Fertilization & it produces a new organism that is a genetic mix of both parents!

  34. Animal sexual reproduction: • The main stage is a multicellular diploid organism • Meiosis produces haploid gametes • Fertilization immediately follows meiosis

  35. What is an animal? Six criteria, together, create definition. • Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. • Animals are chemoheterotrophic • They must take in preformed organic molecules through ingestion, eating other organisms or organic material that is decomposing.

  36. (3) Animal cells lack cell walls • The bodies of animals are held together with extracellular proteins, especially collagen. • Other structural proteins create several types of intercellular junctions that hold tissues together. (4) Animals have two unique types of tissues: nervous tissue for impulse conduction and muscle tissue for movement. These allow them to respond rapidly to the environment.

  37. (5) Most animals reproduce sexually • In most, a small flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile egg to make a zygote • The zygote undergoes cleavage (mitosis), forming a hollow ball of cells called the blastula.

  38. (6) Animals are motile: • Almost all animals have a motile stage of their life cycle. Sometimes this is a larval stage. • Some animals develop directly through transient stages into adults (mammals), but others have distinct larval stages (many insects).

  39. Subcategories of Animals: • The animal kingdom has many subdivisions we focus on a few: • Chrodates - including all the vertebrate animals (those with a backbone). • Arthropods - including the insects & crustaceans

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