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Managing Disease Risk. Overview. Importance of animal agriculture Biological risk management Routes of transmission Prevention practices Summary. Animal Agriculture Iowa 2006. #1 pork, eggs 17.2 million pigs 51.6 million chickens (layers) #2 red meat 6.5 billion pounds
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Overview • Importance of animal agriculture • Biological risk management • Routes of transmission • Prevention practices • Summary Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Animal AgricultureIowa 2006 • #1 pork, eggs • 17.2 million pigs • 51.6 million chickens (layers) • #2 red meat • 6.5 billion pounds • 3.9 million cattle • Cash receipts • Turkeys - $123 million • Dairy cows - $530 million • Sheep, lambs - $22.2 million Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Food Production Changes • Number of farms decreasing • Animal numbers rising on some farms • Opportunities • Increasing intensity/specialization • Efficient food source: U.S. and world • Challenges • Disease control and eradication • Devastating economic effects Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Minimizing Disease Spread • Occupation may require farm visits • As a farm visitor, recognize and minimize the risk of introducing a disease • Farms becoming more concerned about who/what is entering • Visitors, employees, animal traffic • Ask and follow farm biosecurity plan Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Biological Risk Management (BRM) • Overall process of awareness education, evaluation, and management • Designed to improve disease control • Foreign and domestic diseases • Provide tools to minimize risk Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Biological Risk Management (BRM) • Disease risk cannot be totally eliminated • Animal, its environment • Decrease exposure to disease agents • Minimize threat to animals and humans • No one-size-fits-all answer Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Routes of Transmission • Apply to all infectious agents • Animal must be exposed to develop disease • Understand different routes of transmission = Gain control • Risk areas must be identified • Design protocols to minimize exposure Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Routes of Transmission • Spread of disease agents • Animal animal • Animal human “zoonotic” • Different modes of transmission • Aerosol • Direct contact • Fomite • Oral • Vector-borne • Zoonotic Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Environmental Contamination • Disease organism in environment • Survive in soil, organic material • Animals and humans can acquire agent(s) through: • Inhalation (aerosol) • Direct contact • Fomites • Oral consumption • Vectors Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Preventing Entry • Some animal viruses can be carried by fomites • Truck tires, wheel wells, undercarriage, footwear, clothing • Walking/driving through animal areas • Pick up viruses/bacteria • Deposit on the road, next farm • Proper cleaning and disinfection is important Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Preventing Entry • Park in designated area • Carry equipment to the site • Inspect equipment before leaving vehicle • Wash contaminated objects on farm • Follow posted protocols, biosecurity plans Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Preventing Spread • Limit contact with animals • Wear protective clothing, footwear • Between animal groups and prior to leaving operation • Change soiled protective clothing • Wash, disinfect soiled footwear • Clean, disinfect soiled equipment • Leave trash on farm Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Preventing Zoonosis • Protective outer clothing • Coveralls, water-resistant barriers • Footwear • Overshoes that can be cleaned, disinfected • Disposable • Gloves • Sick, unknown health status animals • Remove soiled items before leaving • Wash hands Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Zoonotic Disease • Livestock producers work with animals daily • Most have immunity to various diseases • Immunocompromised population more vulnerable to zoonoses • Young and old • Chemotherapy • Diabetes Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Summary • Animal agriculture in Iowa is important • All diseases are transmitted by a few common routes • Disease risk can be managed • Awareness education is essential • You play a critical role! Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Acknowledgments Development of this presentationwas funded by a grant from theIowa Homeland Securityand Emergency Management andthe Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship to theCenter for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University. Contributing Authors: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Gayle Brown, DVM, PhD Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008