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METODE ILMIAH Soemarno 2014

METODE ILMIAH Soemarno 2014. SAINS. Sains (dari bahasa Latin scientia , berarti “pengetahuan") merupakan suatu “enterprise” yang membangun dan mengorganisir pengetahuan dalam bentuk eksplanasi dan prediksi yang dapat diuji mengenai “jagad raya”.

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METODE ILMIAH Soemarno 2014

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  1. METODE ILMIAH Soemarno2014

  2. SAINS Sains (dari bahasa Latin scientia, berarti “pengetahuan") merupakan suatu “enterprise” yang membangun dan mengorganisir pengetahuan dalam bentuk eksplanasi dan prediksi yang dapat diuji mengenai “jagad raya”. In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in Aristotle), "science" refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained. In the early modern era the words "science" and "philosophy" were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language. Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science ….. 22/9/2012

  3. FILSAFAT SAINS Filsafat Sains membahas tentang asumsi-asumsi, landasan, metode-metode, dan implikasi dari sains. Filsafat Sains juga berhubungan dengan penggunaan dan manfaat sains dan kadang-kadang overlaping dengan metafisik dan epistemologi dengan jalan mengeksplorasi apakah hasil-hasil ilmiah merupakan kajian tentang kebenaran. In addition to these central problems of science as a whole, many philosophers of science also consider problems that apply to particular sciences (e.g. philosophy of biology or philosophy of physics). Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science ….. 22/9/2012

  4. PENJELASAN ILMIAH In addition to providing predictions about future events, we often take scientific theories to offer explanations for those that occur regularly or have already occurred. Philosophers have investigated the criteria by which a scientific theory can be said to have successfully explained a phenomenon, as well as what gives a scientific theory explanatory power. One early and influential theory of scientific explanation was put forward by Carl G. Hempel and Paul Oppenheim in 1948. Their Deductive-Nomological (D-N) model of explanation says that a scientific explanation succeeds by subsuming a phenomenon under a general law. Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science ….. 22/9/2012

  5. PENJELASAN = EXPLANATION “PENJELASAN = EKSPLANASI” An explanation is a set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. This description may establish rules or laws, and may clarify the existing ones in relation to any objects, or phenomena examined. The components of an explanation can be implicit, and be interwoven with one another. An explanation is often underpinned by an understanding that is represented by different media such as music, text, and graphics. Thus, an explanation is subjected to interpretation, and discussion. In scientific research, explanation is one of the purposes of research, e.g., exploration and description. Explanation is a way to uncover new knowledge, and to report relationships among different aspects of studied phenomena. Explanations have varied explanatory power. Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation ….. 22/9/2012

  6. INQUIRY “Inquiry” merupakan suatu proses yang bertujuan untuk menghimpun pengetahuan, menjawab keraguan, atau menyelesaikan permasalahan. A theory of inquiry is an account of the various types of inquiry and a treatment of the ways that each type of inquiry achieves its aim. Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry ….. 22/9/2012

  7. The Process of Inquiry and Research. Diunduh dari: http://www.accessola.com/action/positions/info_studies/html/research.html

  8. The Process of Inquiry and Research. Diunduh dari: http://www.accessola.com/action/positions/info_studies/html/research.html

  9. METODE ILMIAH Metode ilmiah adalah teknik-teknik untuk investigasi fenomena dan mendapatkan pengetahuan baru, untuk mengoreksi dan mengintegrasikan pengetahuan-pengetahuan yang telah ada. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

  10. METODE ILMIAH Meskipun prosedur-prosedur yang lazim digunakan sangat beragam, namun ada sifat-sifat khusus yang membedakan “metode ilmiah” demngan metode non-ilmiah. Peneliti-peneliti ilmiah mengusulkan “hypothesis” sebagai “penjelasan sementara” atas fenomena yang dikaji, dan merancang studi-studi eksperimental untuk menguji hipotesis tersebut. Tahapan-tahapan ini harus dapat diulangi untuk menguji hasil-hasilnya. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many hypotheses together in a coherent structure. This in turn may assist in the formation of new hypotheses, as well as in placing groups of hypotheses into a broader context of understanding.

  11. METODE ILMIAH Among other facets shared by the various fields of inquiry is the conviction that the process must be objective to reduce a biased interpretation of the results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so it is available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, thereby allowing other researchers the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called "full disclosure", also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established.

  12. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? EMPIRIK Science is based purely around observation and measurement, and the vast majority of research involves some type of practical experimentation. Cutting a long story short, Plato believed that all knowledge could be reasoned; Aristotle that knowledge relied upon empirical observation and measurement. This does bring up one interesting anomaly. Strictly speaking, the great physicists, such as Einstein and Stephen Hawking, are not scientists. They generate sweeping and elegant theories and mathematical models to describe the universe and the very nature of time, but measure nothing. In reality, they are mathematicians, occupying their own particular niche, and they should properly be referred to as theoreticians. Still, they are still commonly referred to as scientists and do touch upon the scientific method in that any theory they have can be destroyed by a single scrap of empirical evidence. Diunduh dari: http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html….. 22/9/2012

  13. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? BERTUMPU PADA DATA The scientific method uses some type of measurement to analyze results, feeding these findings back into theories of what we know about the world. There are two major ways of obtaining data, through measurement and observation. These are generally referred to as quantitative and qualitative measurements. Quantitative measurements are generally associated with what are known as ‘hard' sciences, such as physics, chemistry and astronomy. They can be gained through experimentation or through observation. For Example: At the end of the experiment, 50% of the bacteria in the sample treated with penicillin were left alive. The experiment showed that the moon is 384403 km away from the earth. The pH of the solution was 7.1 Read more: http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html#ixzz27DWjH3q5 Diunduh dari: http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html….. 22/9/2012

  14. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? The Scientific Method is Intellectual and Visionary Science requires vision, and the ability to observe the implications of results. Collecting data is part of the process, and it also needs to be analyzed and interpreted. However, the visionary part of science lies in relating the findings back into the real world. Even pure sciences, which are studied for their own sake rather than any practical application, are visionary and have wider goals. The process of relating findings to the real world is known as induction, or inductive reasoning, and is a way of relating the findings to the universe around us. Read more: http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html#ixzz27DbMG5r0 Diunduh dari: http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html….. 22/9/2012

  15. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? Science Uses Experiments to Test Predictions This process of induction and generalization allows scientists to make predictions about how they think that something should behave, and design an experiment to test it. This experiment does not always mean setting up rows of test tubes in the lab or designing surveys. It can also mean taking measurements and observing the natural world. Wegener's ideas, whilst denigrated by many scientists, aroused the interest of a few. They began to go out and look for other evidence that the continents moved around the Earth. From Wegener's initial idea of continents floating through the ocean floor, scientists now understand, through a process of prediction and measurement, the process of plate tectonics. The exact processes driving the creation of new crust and the subduction of others are still not fully understood but, almost 100 years after Wegener's idea, scientists still build upon his initial work. Diunduh dari: http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html….. 22/9/2012

  16. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? Systematic and Methodical Scientists are very conservative in how they approach results and they are naturally very skeptical. It takes more than one experiment to change the way that they think, however loud the headlines, and any results must be retested and repeated until a solid body of evidence is built up. This process ensures that researchers do not make mistakes or purposefully manipulate evidence. In Wegener's case, his ideas were not accepted until after his death, when the amount of evidence supporting continental drift became irrefutable. This process of changing the current theories, called a paradigm shift, is an integral part of the scientific method. Most groundbreaking research, such as Einstein's Relativity or Mendel's Genetics, causes a titanic shift in the prevailing scientific thought. Diunduh dari: http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html….. 22/9/2012

  17. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? The scientific method has evolved, over many centuries, to ensure that scientists make meaningful discoveries, founded upon logic and reason rather than emotion. The exact process varies between scientific disciplines, but they all follow the above principle of observe - predict - test - generalize. Diunduh dari: http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html….. 22/9/2012

  18. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? Metode ilmiah merupakan suatu prosedur (urutan langkah) yang harus dilakukan untuk melakukan suatu proyek ilmiah (science project). Secara umum metode ilmiah meliputi langkah-langkah berikut: Observasi Awal Mengidentifikasi Masalah Merumuskan atau Menyatakan Hipotesis Melakukan Eksperimen Menyimpulkan Hasil Eksperimen Diunduh dari: http://alphaomega86.tripod.com/metode_ilmiah.htm ….. 22/9/2012

  19. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? • Setelah topik yang akan diteliti secara ilmiah ditentukan, maka langkah pertama untuk melakukan riset ilmiah adalah melakukan observasi awal untuk mengumpulkan informasi tentang segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan topik tersebut melalui pengalaman, berbagai sumber ilmu pengetahuan, berkonsultasi dengan ahli yang sesuai. • Gunakan semua referensi: buku, jurnal, majalah, koran, internet, interview, dll. • Kumpulkan informasi dari ahli: instruktur, peneliti, insinyur, dll. • Lakukan eksplorasi lain yang berhubungan dengan topik. Diunduh dari: http://alphaomega86.tripod.com/metode_ilmiah.htm ….. 22/9/2012

  20. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH Permasalahan merupakan pertanyaan ilmiah yang harus dijawab. Permasalahan dinyatakan dalam pertanyaan terbuka yaitu pertanyaan dengan jawaban berupa suatu pernyataan, bukan jawaban ya atau tidak. Contoh: Bagaimana cara menyimpan energi surya di rumah? Batasi permasalahan seperlunya agar tidak terlalu luas. Pilih permasalahan yang penting dan menarik untuk diteliti. Pilih permasalahan yang dapat diselesaikan secara eksperimen. Diunduh dari: http://alphaomega86.tripod.com/metode_ilmiah.htm ….. 22/9/2012

  21. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? MERUMUSKAN HIPOTESIS Hipotesis merupakan suatu ide atau dugaan sementara tentang penyelesaian masalah yang diajukan dalam proyek ilmiah. Hipotesis dirumuskan atau dinyatakan sebelum penelitian yang seksama atas topik proyek ilmiah dilakukan, karenanya kebenaran hipotesis ini perlu diuji lebih lanjut melalui penelitian yang seksama. Hal yang perlu diingat, jika menurut hasil pengujian ternyata hipotesis tidak benar bukan berarti penelitian yang dilakukan salah. Gunakan pengalaman atau pengamatan lalu sebagai dasar hipotesis Rumuskan hipotesis sebelum memulai proyek eksperimen Diunduh dari: http://alphaomega86.tripod.com/metode_ilmiah.htm ….. 22/9/2012

  22. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? MelaksanakanEksperimen Eksperimendirancangdandilakukanuntukmengujihipotesis yang diajukan. Adatigajenisvariabel yang perludiperhatikanpadaeksperimen: variabelbebas, variabelterikat, danvariabelkontrol. Varibelbebasmerupakanvariabel yang dapatdiubahsecarabebas. Variabelterikatadalahvariabel yang diteliti, yang perubahannyabergantungpadavariabelbebas. Variabelkontroladalahvariabel yang selamaeksperimendipertahankantetap. Usahakanhanyasatuvariabelbebasselamaeksperimen. Pertahankankondisi yang tetappadavariabel-variabel yang diasumsikankonstan. Lakukaneksperimenberulang kali untukmemvariasihasil. Catathasileksperimensecaralengkapdanseksama. Diunduh dari: http://alphaomega86.tripod.com/metode_ilmiah.htm ….. 22/9/2012

  23. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? MenyimpulkanHasilEksperimen Kesimpulanmerupakanringkasanhasilproyekeksperimendanpernyataanbagaimanahubunganantarahasileksperimendenganhipotesis. Alasan-alasanuntukhasileksperimen yang bertentangandenganhipotesistermasukdidalamnya. Jikadapatdilakukan, kesimpulandapatdiakhiridenganmemberikanpemikiranuntukpenelitianlebihlanjut. Jikahasileksperimentidaksesuaidenganhipotesis: Jangandiubahhipotesisnya Jangandiabaikanhasileksperimen Berikanalasan yang masukakalmengapatidaksesuai Berikancara-cara yang mungkindilakukanselanjutnyauntukmenemukanpenyebabketidaksesuaian Bilacukupwaktulakukaneksperimensekalilagiataususunulangeksperimen. Diunduh dari: http://alphaomega86.tripod.com/metode_ilmiah.htm ….. 22/9/2012

  24. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? KARAKTERISTIK METODE ILMIAH : KaryaIlmiahHarusBerdasarkanFaktaMenuliskaryailmiahharusberdasarkanfakta, bukanhasilimajinasiatausemacammnya . “Fakta” biasanyaberupa data empiris yang dapatdiukurdandianalisislebihlanjut. KaryaIlmiahHarusBerdasarkanPertimbanganObjektif . Pertimbanganobjektifdidasarkanpadapertimbanganapaadanyabukanbersifatsubyektif, bebasdariprasangkadankira-kira. Diunduh dari: http://saefullohlipana.blogspot.com/2012/05/metode-ilmiah.html….. 22/9/2012

  25. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? KARAKTERISTIK METODE ILMIAH : 3. Karya Ilmiah Harus Menggunakan Asas Analisis Maksudnya, karya ilmiah itu harus dapat dianalisis (diuraikan, dibandingkan, diinterpretasikan). yang artinya karya ilmiah harus dapat menggambarkan karakteristik , fungsi dan kaitan pmasalahan satu dg lainnya. 4. Karya Ilmiah Harus Bersifat Kuantitatif – KualitatifPendekatan ilmiah berbeda dengan pendekatan alamiah. Pendekatan ilmiah sifatnya kuantitatif , sedangkan pendekatan alamiah biasanya bersifat kualitatif. Diunduh dari: http://saefullohlipana.blogspot.com/2012/05/metode-ilmiah.html….. 22/9/2012

  26. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? • KARAKTERISTIK METODE ILMIAH : • KaryaIlmiahMenggunakanLogikaDeduktif – Hipotetik • Logikadeduktifadalahpenalaran yang bertitiktolakdarihal-hal yang sifatnyaumumdansudahmemilikikebenaran yang pastibaikdarihasilpenelitianparapakarataudari yang lainnya. • Kebenaranhipotesisharusdibuktikansecaraempirismelaluipenelitianlapanganmakadisebutbahwakaryailmiahtersebutsesuailogikadeduktif-hipotetik Diunduh dari: http://saefullohlipana.blogspot.com/2012/05/metode-ilmiah.html….. 22/9/2012

  27. APAKAH METODE ILMIAH ? KARAKTERISTIK METODE ILMIAH : 6. Karya Ilmiah Harus Menggunakan Logika Induktif Generalisasi Kebenaran hipotesis bersifat rasional, oleh karenanya bersifat sementara . Untuk memperoleh kebenaran ilmiah masih harus dibuktikan dengan data empiris hasil penelitian . Kesimpulan dari data empiris bersifat generalisasi, sedangkan kesesuaian data empiris dengan pemikiran rasional hipotesis disebut asas korespondensi. Kesimpulan yang bersifat generalisasi dari data empiris disebut logika induktif yang kebenrannya bersifat probabilistik. Diunduh dari: http://saefullohlipana.blogspot.com/2012/05/metode-ilmiah.html….. 22/9/2012

  28. UNSUR-UNSUR METODE ILMIAH There are multiple ways of outlining the basic method shared by all of the fields of scientific inquiry. The following examples are typical classifications of the most important components of the method on which there is very wide agreement in the scientific community and among philosophers of science, each of which are subject only to marginal disagreements about a few very specific aspects.

  29. METODE ILMIAH MELIBATKAN: Observation. A constant feature of scientific inquiry, observation includes both unconditioned observations (prior to any theory) as well as the observation of the experiment and its results. Description. Information derived from experiments must be reliable, i.e., replicable (repeatable), as well as valid (relevant to the inquiry). Prediction. Information must be valid for observations past, present, and future of given phenomena, i.e., purported "one shot" phenomena do not give rise to the capability to predict, nor to the ability to repeat an experiment.

  30. METODE ILMIAH MELIBATKAN: Control. Actively and fairly sampling the range of possible occurrences, whenever possible and proper, as opposed to the passive acceptance of opportunistic data, is the best way to control or counterbalance the risk of empirical bias. Identification of causes. Identification of the causes of a particular phenomenon to the best achievable extent. For cause-and-effect relationship to be established, the following must be established: Time-order relationship. The hypothesized causes must precede the observed effects in time. Covariation of events. The hypothesized causes must correlate with observed effects. However, correlations between events or variables are not necessarily indicative of causation.

  31. Eliminasi alternatif yang layak This is a gradual process that requires repeated experiments by multiple researchers who must be able to replicate results in order to corroborate them.: Semua hipotesis dan teori pada hakekatnya dapat ditolak (tidak terbukti). Thus, there is a point at which there might be a consensus about a particular hypothesis or theory, yet it must in principle remain tentative. As a body of knowledge grows and a particular hypothesis or theory repeatedly brings predictable results, confidence in the hypothesis or theory increases.

  32. UNSUR-UNSUR METODE ILMIAH Another simplified model sometimes utilized to summarize scientific method is the "operational": The essential elements of a scientific method are operations, observations, models, and a utility function for evaluating models. Operation- Some action done to the system being investigated Observation- What happens when the operation is done to the system Model- A fact, hypothesis, theory, or the phenomenon itself at a certain moment Utility Function - A measure of the usefulness of the model to explain, predict, and control, and of the cost of use of it

  33. UNSUR-UNSUR METODE ILMIAH One of the elements of any scientific utility function is the refutability of the model. Another is its simplicity, on the Principle of Parsimony also known as Occam's Razor. The following is a more thorough description of the method. This set of methodological elements and organization of procedures will in general tend to be more characteristic of natural sciences and experimental psychology than of disciplines commonly categorized as social sciences. Among the latter, methods of verification and testing of hypotheses may involve less stringent mathematical and statistical interpretations of these elements within the respective disciplines. Nonetheless the cycle of hypothesis, verification and formulation of new hypotheses will tend to resemble the basic cycle described below.

  34. UNSUR-UNSUR METODE ILMIAH • The essential elements of a scientific method are iterations, recursions, interleavings, and orderings of the following: • Characterizations (Kuantifikasi, Observasi dan Pengukuran) • Hypotheses (Penjelasan teoritis, hipotetis atas observasi dan pengukuran) • Predictions (penalaran yang mencakup deduksi logis dari hipoptesis dan teori) • Experiments (Menguji semua hal di atas)

  35. UNSUR-UNSUR METODE ILMIAH Imre Lakatos and Thomas Kuhn had done extensive work on the "theory laden" character of observation. Kuhn (1961) maintained that the scientist generally has a theory in mind before designing and undertaking experiments so as to make empirical observations, and that the "route from theory to measurement can almost never be traveled backward". This perspective implies that the way in which theory is tested is dictated by the nature of the theory itself, which led Kuhn (1961) to argue that "once it has been adopted by a profession ... no theory is recognized to be testable by any quantitative tests that it has not already passed".

  36. UNSUR-UNSUR METODE ILMIAH Each element of the scientific method is subject to peer review for possible mistakes. These activities do not describe all that scientists do (see below) but apply mostly to experimental sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry). The elements above are often taught in the educational system.

  37. TAHAPAN METODE ILMIAH The steps of the scientific method are to: Ask a Question - observation and description of a phenomenon or phenomena. Ask a question you are trying to answer Do Background Research - some research on how you think the answer to your question may be Construct a Hypothesis - formulate a hypothesis to explain the phenomena. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment - performance of experiemental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters and properly performed experiments. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion - what happened in your experiment? Did it go with or against your hypothesis? What could you do different next time? Communicate your results DIUNDUH DARI: http://chem105.blogspot.com/2011/01/scientific-method-activity-1-11211.html ... 21/9/2012

  38. KARAKTERISASI METODE ILMIAH depends upon increasingly more sophisticated characterizations of subjects of the investigation. (The subjects can also be called unsolved problems or the unknowns, MASALAH PENELITIAN). For example, Benjamin Franklin correctly characterized St. Elmo's fire as electrical in nature, but it has taken a long series of experiments and theory to establish this. While seeking the pertinent properties of the subjects, this careful thought may also entail some definitions and observations; the observations often demand careful measurements and/or counting.

  39. KARAKTERISASI The systematic, careful collection of measurements or counts of relevant quantities is often the critical difference between pseudo-sciences, such as alchemy, and a science, such as chemistry or biology. Scientific measurements taken are usually tabulated, graphed, or mapped, and statistical manipulations, such as correlation and regression, performed on them. The measurements might be made in a controlled setting, such as a laboratory, or made on more or less inaccessible or unmanipulatable objects such as stars or human populations. The measurements often require specialized scientific instruments such as thermometers, spectroscopes, or voltmeters, and the progress of a scientific field is usually intimately tied to their invention and development.

  40. KETIDAK-PASTIAN Measurements in scientific work are also usually accompanied by estimates of their uncertainty. The uncertainty is often estimated by making repeated measurements of the desired quantity. Uncertainties may also be calculated by consideration of the uncertainties of the individual underlying quantities that are used. Counts of things, such as the number of people in a nation at a particular time, may also have an uncertainty due to limitations of the method used. Counts may only represent a sample of desired quantities, with an uncertainty that depends upon the sampling method used and the number of samples taken.

  41. DEFINISI Measurements demand the use of operational definitions of relevant quantities; DEFINISI OPERASIONAL. That is, a scientific quantity is described or defined by how it is measured, as opposed to some more vague, inexact or "idealized" definition. For example, electrical current, measured in amperes, may be operationally defined in terms of the mass of silver deposited in a certain time on an electrode in an electrochemical device that is described in some detail.

  42. DEFINISI OPERASIONAL The operational definition of a thing often relies on comparisons with standards: The operational definition of "mass" ultimately relies on the use of an artifact, such as a certain kilogram of platinum-iridium kept in a laboratory in France.

  43. KUANTITI ILMIAH The scientific definition of a term sometimes differs substantially from their natural language usage. For example, mass and weight overlap in meaning in common discourse, but have distinct meanings in mechanics. Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work.

  44. RELATIVITAS New theories sometimes arise upon realizing that certain terms had not previously been sufficiently clearly defined. For example, Albert Einstein's first paper on relativity begins by defining simultaneity and the means for determining length. These ideas were skipped over by Isaac Newton with, "I do not define time, space, place and motion, as being well known to all." Einstein's paper then demonstrates that they (viz., absolute time and length independent of motion) were approximations.

  45. Hypothesis Prof. Dr. Md. Ghulam Murtaza Khulna University Khulna, Bangladesh 23 February 2012

  46. DefinisiHipotesis The word hypothesis is derived form the Greek words: • “hypo” means under • “tithemi” means place Under known facts of the problem to explain relationship between these • ........ is a statement subject to verification • ......... a guess but experienced guess based on some facts • …....is a hunch, assumption, suspicion, assertion or an idea about a phenomena, relationship, or situation, the reality of truth of which one do not know A researcher calls these assumptions, assertions, statements, or hunches hypotheses and they become the basis of an inquiry. In most cases, the hypothesis will be based upon either previous studies or the researcher’s own or someone else’s observations Hypothesis is a conjectural statement of relationship between two or more variable.

  47. DefinisiHipotesis • Hypothesis is proposition, condition or principle which is assumed, perhaps without belief, in order to draw its logical consequences and by this method to test its accord with facts which are known or may be determined (Webster’s New International Dictionary of English). • A tentative statement about something, the validity of which is usually unknown (Black, James A & Dean J Champion, Method and Issues in Social Research, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1976) • Hypothesis is proposition that is stated is a testable form and that predicts a particular relationship between two or more variable. In other words, id we think that a relationship exists, we first state it is hypothesis and then test hypothesis in the field (Baily, Kenneth D, Methods of Social Research, 3rd edition, New York: The Free Press, 1978)

  48. DefinisiHipotesis • A hypothesis is written in such a way that it can be proven or disproven by valid and reliable data – in order to obtain these data that we perform our study (Grinnell, Richard, Jr. Social Work Research and Evaluation, 3rd edition, Itasca, Illinois, F.E. Peacock Publishers, 1988) • A hypothesis may be defined as a tentative theory or supposition set up and adopted provisionally as a basis of explaining certain facts or relationships and as a guide in the further investigation of other facts or relationships (Crisp, Richard D, Marketing Research, New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1957 )

  49. Karakteristik Hipotesis • Proposisi yang bersifattentatif • Validitastidakdiketahui • Hubunganspesifikantaraduaataulebihvariabel.

  50. Fungsi Hipotesis • Bringing clarity to the research problem • Fungsi-fungsiHipotesis: • Menyediakan / menjadifokusriset • Memperjelasaspek-aspekkhususdarimasalahriset yang akanditeliti • Data apa yang harusdikumpulkandan data apa yang tidakdikumpulkan • Mendukungobyektivitasriset • Memformulasiteori • Memungkinkanuntukmenyimpulkan “apa yang benar” atau “apa yang salah”

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