Let’s learning English together

1. Let’s learning English together

2. Lecture content • English in brief • Learning strategy of Language • English phonetics • English lexicology • English morphology

3. English in brief England was invaded in the 400s by Germanic people of 3 main tribes: The Angles, the Jutes and the Saxons. All 3 tribes spoke a Germanic language. The history of the English language can be divided into three main periods: 1. Old English (500-1100) 2. Middle English (1100-1485) 3. Modern English (1485- present)

4. Learning strategy of foreign Language • Language is not an information – it’s Skill Listening – Speaking – Reading – Writing • Have enjoyment through learning English • Make environment to learn • Practice, practice and more practice • Learn words by heart everyday • Don’t be shy and don’t be afraid of making mistakes!

5. English phonetics - English alphabet - Transcription - English vowels - English consonants - English diphthongs - Silent consonants

6. English Phonetics • English alphabet The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

7. English Phonetics • Transcription - 26 English letters make 44 different sounds by alone and together. 12 vowels, 8 diphthongs, 24 consonants. - The pronunciations of words are shown by a system of phonetic transcription. [ ] Transcription is not a letter and a word. So there is no capital sign. Example; Twenty [‘twenti], electronic [I,lek’tranik], car [ka:]

8. English Phonetics • English vowels A a [ei] make, brave, made, take, name, age, page A a [ae] sad, mad, hat, bat, flat, bag, bad, map, add Ee[i:] Me, Pete, he, meet, Ee [ý] Bed, ten, hen, kettle, egg, best, bell, pen Oo [ou] bone, rose, joke, stone, smoke, alone, go Oo [o] hot, top, stop, boss, bottle, not,

9. English Phonetics • English vowels Uu [u:] Tube, use, true, Cube Uu [A] Nut, cut, dust, uncle, just, trust, jungle, drum Ii, Yy [ai] Fine, like, Cry, fry, style, ice, nice, fly, cycle Ii, Yy [i] Big, drink, myth, gym, Olympic game, little

10. English Phonetics • English consonants B[bi:], P[pi:] bomb, buy, prize, pen V[vi:], F[ef] vine, village, fen, frog Cc [k] a,o,u Cat, cook, car, club Cc [ts] e,I, y Center, cinema, cycle, concert Gg [g] a,o,u Garden, go, gun Gg[dgi] e,I,y German, engineer, gym Nn : sun, long, name, sing, can, along Ss; rose, son, nose, socks, blouse Xx: lynx, box, fox, exam, Th : that, brother, think, three, Wh: what, where, why, who, whole Ch: China, Church, children Sh: Shine, short Ph: photo, photo

11. English Phonetics • English diphthongs ir, ur : girl, circle, turn, burn ow, ou: town, down, sound, house, aw, au: lawn, dawn, fault, auction ar: party, hard or: sort, sport, doctor aught: taught, daughter ought: thought, through oi, oy: soil, boil, boy ai, ay: say, hay, mail, main tion, sion, cian: nation, erosion, electrician Ea: meat, team, bread, head ture: moisture, agriculture, oo; blood, book, soon

12. English Phonetics • Voiceless consonants \silent\ Kn : know, knife Dg : bridge, knowledge Gh: night, sigh, daughter Mn: autumn, column Ng: morning, song Ck: clock, check Wr: wrong, write H: hour, honor

13. English Lexicology • English Syntax By purpose: - Declarative (a statement) - Interrogative (a question) - Negative - Imperative (a command or request) - Exclamatory (an expression of emotion) By structure: - Simple sentence - Compound sentence - Complex sentence - Complex – Compound sentence

14. English Lexicology • English Morphology - Noun - Pronoun - Verb - Adjective - Adverb - Preposition - Numeral - Modal - Article - Interjection

15. English morphology • Noun • Pronoun • Sentence structure (sentence with to be) - statement - question - negative

16. English morphology Kinds of nouns. Nouns are classified in several ways: • Singular or plural • Common or proper • Concrete or abstract • Collective

17. Noun Recall that nouns name persons, places, things, or ideas. • Singular or plural: A singular noun names one person, thing, etc; a house-houses a chair- chairs an animal-animals a book-books b. Add –es to the singular when making a word plural creates an extra syllable; /sh, ch, x, z,…./ a bush-bushes, a fox-foxes abuzz-buzzes, a church-churches

18. Noun -Add –es when the final y rule applies; -a sky-skies a baby-babies • With the following and a few other nouns, change the final f or fe to v and add –es; • A wolf-wolves, a life-lives, a knife-knives • With certain singular nouns ending in o, add –es; • tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes • With a few final o words, you may use either –s or –es; domino-dominos or dominoes, zero-zeros or zeroes.

19. Noun • When pluralizing a compound noun, add the –s or –es to the very end if the compound has no hyphen; cupfuls, strongboxes • If the compound is a hyphenated noun plus modifier (father-in-law), pluralize the noun; fathers-in-law, passers-by • With certain nouns of foreign origin, use the foreign plural; alumnus-alumni, alumna or alumnae, crisis-crises, oasis-oases, thesis-theses, analysis-analyses

20. Noun • Irregular nouns • a man- men /policeman, postman,…/ • a woman-women /policewomen, • a child- children • a person-people • an ox-oxen • a goose-geese

21. Noun b. Common or proper: A common noun names one or more members of a class or things: woman, women, chair, auditorium, mice, city. A proper noun names a specific person, place, or thing: Nancy, Carnegie Hall, Mickey Mouse, Kansas city. c. Concrete or abstract: A concrete noun names an object that can be perceived by the senses: woman, Nancy, mice, cheese. An abstract noun names a quality or idea: liberty, sadness, ambition, love, tragedy. d. Collective: A collective noun names a group of things: jury, team, committee, army.

22. Pronoun A pronoun substitutes for a noun There are 5 main kinds of pronouns: • The personal pronouns • The interrogative and relative pronouns • The demonstrative pronouns • The indefinite pronouns • The reflexive and intensive pronouns

23. Pronoun 1.The personal pronouns. These designate one or more particular persons or things.

24. Pronoun 2. The interrogative and relative pronouns. • The interrogative pronouns are who (whose, whom), which, what. They ask questions: Who said that? Whose car is that? What’s the time? Which of the cars is his? With whom did you speak? b. The relative pronouns are the same as the interrogative, plus that and the – ever forms whoever (whosever, whomever), whichever, whatever. Relative pronouns introduce certain kinds of dependent clauses (sometimes called relative clauses): The man who called was angry. Chicago, which I often visit, is an exciting city. I approve whatever she decides. Use who for persons, which for things, and that for either:

25. Pronoun 3. The demonstrative pronouns are this (plural; these) and that (plural; those). They point out: This is my house. The ones I want are these. That is Helen’s house. What kind of trees are those? 4. The indefinite pronouns refer to no particular person: one, someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, either, neither, all, any, both, some, few, many, most, another, others, something, etc.; Many will complain, but few will act; most will do nothing. Someone must do something, but no one wants to do anything.

26. Pronoun 5. The reflexive and intensive pronouns are the –self forms of personal pronouns: myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves. • They are called reflexive when used as objects or as subjective complements: The teammates congratulated themselves on their victory. She made a promise to herself.

27. Pronoun English has 3 cases of pronouns: Nominative, possessive, and objective.

28. Pronoun Nominative case: I know it. She and I know it. Who knows it? Objective case: We all greeted him. We all gave him a present. Possessive case: a. Use the apostrophe [‘] to form the possessive case of indefinite pronouns: someone’s everybody’s, each other’s, no one’s, etc. b. Use the possessive case before a gerund: wrong: We resented him leaving. right: We resented his leaving.

29. Sentence with ‘to be’ • A sentence is a grammatically independent unit of expression, made up of 2 essential parts called subject and predicate. In writing, a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. • S V (C) (C). That is, each sentence has a subject, a verb, and possibly one or two complements.

30. Sentence with ‘to be’ Statement: SubjectVerb Complement I am a teacher You are a student He is an engineer She is a doctor It is a chair We are students They are teachers

31. Sentence with ‘to be’ Question: Verb Subject Complement am I a teacher? Are you a student? Is he an engineer? Is she a doctor? Is it a chair? Are we students? Are they teachers?

32. Sentence with ‘to be’ Negative: No, I’m not. Subject Verb Complement I am not a teacher You aren’t a student He isn’t an engineer She isn’t a doctor It isn’t a chair We aren’t students They aren’t teachers

33. Sentence with to be Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No I’m not. I’m a student. Are you teachers? Yes, we’re. No, We aren’t. We are students. Is she a teacher? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t. She’s a student. Is your brother a president? Yes, he is No, he isn’t. He’s a doctor. Is your sister an actress? Yes she is. No, she isn’t. She’s a lawyer.

34. Thanks for your attention!

36. English in brief England was invaded in the 400s by Germanic people of 3 main tribes: The Angles, the Jutes and the Saxons. All 3 tribes spoke a Germanic language. The history of the English language can be divided into three main periods: 1. Old English (500-1100) 2. Middle English (1100-1485) 3. Modern English (1485- present)

37. English in brief • Old English resembles modern German more than it does Modern English. Most of the Old English vocabulary was German, though the Germanic tribes had learned some words of Latin origin on the European continent and brought them to England. • In short the English language was becoming a language of Germanic grammar with a French based vocabulary. This French – influenced language is called Middle English. • By about 1485 Old English had changed so that its pronunciation and word order had become similar to today’s Modern English. • English grammar is confusing and inconsistent due to the mixing of Germanic and Latin (French is of Latin origin) grammars: 2 very different systems.

38. Learning strategy of foreign Language • Language is not an information – it’s Skill Listening – Speaking – Reading – Writing • Have enjoyment through learning English • Make environment to learn • Practice, practice and more practice • Learn words by heart everyday • Don’t be shy and don’t be afraid of making mistakes!

39. English Lexicology • English Phonetics • English Morphology - Noun - Pronoun - Verb - Adjective - Adverb - Preposition - Numeral - Modal - Article - Interjection

40. English Lexicology • English Syntax By purpose: - Declarative (a statement) - Interrogative (a question) - Negative - Imperative (a command or request) - Exclamatory (an expression of emotion) By structure: - Simple sentence - Compound sentence - Complex sentence - Complex – Compound sentence

41. English Phonetics • English alphabet - the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

42. English Phonetics • Transcription - 26 English letters make 44 different sounds by alone and together. 12 vowels, 8 diphthongs, 24 consonants. - The pronunciations of words are shown by a system of phonetic transcription. [ ] Transcription is not a letter and a word. So there is no capital sign. - If the syllable is stressed, signs ‘ on left top of the transcription. Example; Twenty [‘twenti ] - If the syllable is semi-stressed, signs , on left bottom of the transcription. Exampe; electronic [I,lek’tranik] - If the transcription signed by : means to pronouns the front sound for long. Example; car [ka:]

43. English Phonetics • English vowels A a [ei] make, brave, made, take, name, age, page A a [ae] sad, mad, hat, bat, flat, bag, bad, map, add Ee [i:] Me, Pete, he, meet, Ee [ý] Bed, ten, hen, kettle, egg, best, bell, pen Oo [º¿] bone, rose, joke, stone, smoke, alone, go Oo [o] hot, top, stop, boss, bottle, not,

44. English Phonetics • English vowels Uu [u:] Tube, use, true, Cube Uu [A] Nut, cut, dust, uncle, just, trust, jungle, drum Ii, Yy [ai] Fine, like, Cry, fry, style, ice, nice, fly, cycle Ii, Yy [i] Big, drink, myth, gym, Olympic game, little

45. English Phonetics • English consonants B[bi:], P[pi:] bomb, buy, prize, pen V[vi:], F[ef] vine, village, fen, frog Cc [k] a,o,u Cat, cook, car, club Cc [ts] e,I, y Center, cinema, cycle, concert Gg [g] a,o,u Garden, go, gun Gg[dgi] e,I,y German, engineer, gym Nn : sun, long, name, sing, can, along Ss; rose, son, nose, socks, blouse Xx: lynx, box, fox, exam, Th : that, brother, think, three, Wh: what, where, why, who, whole Ch: China, Church, children Sh: Shine, short Ph: photo, photo

46. English Phonetics • English diphthongs ir, ur : girl, circle, turn, burn ow, ou: town, down, sound, house, aw, au: lawn, dawn, fault, auction ar: party, hard or: sort, sport, doctor aught: taught, daughter ought: thought, through oi, oy: soil, boil, boy ai, ay: say, hay, mail, main tion, sion, cian: nation, erosion, electrician Ea: meat, team, bread, head ture: moisture, agriculture, oo; blood, book, soon

47. English Phonetics • Voiceless consonants \silent\ Kn : know, knife Dg : bridge, knowledge Gh: night, sigh, daughter Mn: autumn, column Ng: morning, song Ck: clock, check Wr: wrong, write H: hour, honor

48. Thanks for your attention!