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Memory Organization

Memory Organization. Microprocessor and Interfacing 261214. CPU 8088 10 MHz 8/16 Bit 1M RAM. CPU 80486 66 MHz 32 Bit 8M RAM. Pentium 133 MHz 32 Bit 16M RAM. Pentium MMX 200 MHz 32 Bit 48M RAM. Pentium II 366 MHz 32 Bit 128M RAM. Pentium M 1.6 GHz 32 Bit

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Memory Organization

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  1. Memory Organization Microprocessor and Interfacing261214

  2. CPU 8088 10 MHz 8/16 Bit 1M RAM

  3. CPU 80486 66 MHz 32 Bit 8M RAM

  4. Pentium 133 MHz 32 Bit 16M RAM

  5. Pentium MMX 200 MHz 32 Bit 48M RAM

  6. Pentium II 366 MHz 32 Bit 128M RAM

  7. Pentium M 1.6 GHz 32 Bit 512M RAM

  8. Core2 Duo 2.0 GHz 32/64 Bit 4G RAM

  9. Core i5 1.33 – 1.86 GHz 32/64 Bit 4G RAM

  10. What has changed the least?

  11. MHz RAM CPU Bits

  12. What does “Bits” mean?

  13. A CPU “bits” is typically defined by: • ALU Size How many bits can be computed at one time? • Bus SizeHow many bits can be transferred on the bus? • Memory Address SizeHow many address bits are in the instruction?

  14. How many bits Is this PIC CPU?

  15. 16-bit operation on a 8-bit CPUMicrochip PIC16 series .................... int16 i; .................... .................... i=1; 0017: BCF 03.6 0018: CLRF 22 0019: MOVLW 01 001A: MOVWF 21 .................... i = i+2; 001B: MOVLW 02 001C: ADDWF 21,F 001D: BTFSC 03.0 001E: INCF 22,F

  16. .................... int16 i; .................... .................... i=1; 0017: BCF 03.6 0018: CLRF 22 0019: MOVLW 01 001A: MOVWF 21 .................... i = i+2; 001B: MOVLW 02 001C: ADDWF 21,F 001D: BTFSC 03.0 001E: INCF 22,F 0 1 0 1

  17. 16-bit operation on a 16-bit CPUMicrochip PIC24 series .................... int16 i; .................... .................... i=1; 00210: MOV #1,W4 00212: MOV W4,802 .................... .................... i = i+2; 00214: MOV 802,W4 00216: ADD W4,#2,W4 00218: MOV W4,802

  18. ระบบ 32 Bit กำลังเจอทางตัน?

  19. RAM ใหญ่ที่สุดที่ระบบ 32 bit มองเห็นมีค่าเป็นเท่าใด?

  20. Memory Limit of 32bit Machines = 4 Giga Bytes

  21. How to support bigger memory? 1.Upgrade to 64-bit systems 64-bit CPU 64-bit OS

  22. Limitation of moving to 64-bit systems(Note: Today’s 64 bit support legacy 32 apps. So, migration is easier) Need 64-bit Hardware Drivers Applications need to be re-compiled with a 64-bit compiler

  23. How to support bigger memory? 2. Expand the existing system (Adding more bits)

  24. วิธีแก้ปัญหาของ Intel Physical Address Extension (PAE) 4 bits 32 bits = 64 GB

  25. PAE Support CPU with PAE (Since P-Pro) PAE Aware OS

  26. Benefits of PAE • Backward Compatible Limitations • Taking advantage of the added memorystill requires changes in the software

  27. Memory Limit of 64 Bit Machines?

  28. How big can we get? 264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 ~ 18 exabyte

  29. Amount of RAM (GB) in a typical computer About 4TB in 2025 ปี

  30. 64-Bit Architectures IA-64 AMD 64,  EM64T Or X86-64 Hybrid 32/64 bit CPU True 64bit CPU

  31. A hybrid 32/64 bit system • Has the benefits of a 64-bit programs • Can also run older 32-bit programs • 32-Bit programs will not benefit from the 64-bit architecture • Architecture not as clean as true 64-bit systems

  32. สองเรื่องน่ารู้เกี่ยวกับหน่วยความจำของPIC Microcontroller

  33. 1. When Memory Grows Beyondthe Designer’s Anticipation(เมื่อหน่วยความจำขยายโตเกินคาดของผู้ออกแบบ)

  34. 1.1 การอ้างอิงตำแหน่งใน Flash Memory

  35. What is wrong with this call command?

  36. K = 11 bit Maximum memory = 2^11 = 2K Bytes

  37. PIC 16F886 has 8K Flash Memory: How do we access all of it? 4 3 7 0 PCLATH (F# 0x0A) Bit 3-4 in PCLATH are usedfor memory access Total Memory becomes 2^13 = 8K Bytes

  38. 7 0 Creating a 13 bit memory address 13 11 10 0 OPCODE CALL or GOTO k (Literal) 4 3 PCLATH 12 10 0 13 Bit Memory Address

  39. PIC Flash Memory is Divided in to 4 Pages of 2KBytes 12 10 0 2K 2K 2K 2K

  40. Fix this program

  41. Address 0x900 exceeds 11 bits 12 10 0 0x900 = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0x01 0x100

  42. 12 10 0 0x900 = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0x01 0x100

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