Key Issue #1

1. Key Issue #1 Chapter 11

2. Diffusion from the United Kingdom • Britain’s Crystal Palace became the most visible symbol of the Industrial Revolution, built to house the 1851 “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations.” • When Queen Victoria opened the Crystal Palace, the United Kingdom was the world’s dominant industrial power. • From the United Kingdom, the Industrial Revolution diffused eastward through Europe and westward across the Atlantic Ocean to North America. • From these places, industrial development continued diffusing to other parts of the world.

3. Diffusion of Railways • Europeans developed many early inventions of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s. • The Belgians led the way in new coal-mining techniques, the French had the first coal- fired blast furnace for making iron, and the Germans made the first industrial cotton mill. • Political instability delayed the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. • Europe’s political problems retarded development of modern transportation systems, especially the railway. • Railways in some parts of Europe were delayed 50 years after their debut in Britain. • The Industrial Revolution reached Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, and Sweden in the late 1800s. • Other Southern and Eastern European countries joined the Industrial Revolution during the twentieth century. Fig. 11-2: The year by which the first railway opened shows the diffusion of railways and the Industrial Revolution from Britain.

4. Diffusion to the United States • Industry arrived a bit later in the United States than in Western European countries like France and Belgium, but it grew much faster. • The first U.S. textile mill was built in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1791, by Samuel S later, a former worker at Arkwright’s factory in England. • The textile industry grew rapidly after 1808, when the U.S. government imposed an embargo on European trade to avoid entanglement in the Napoleonic Wars. • The United States had become a major industrial nation by 1860, second only to the United Kingdom. • However, except for textiles, leading U.S. industries did not widely use the new industrial processes until the final third of the nineteenth century. • Although industrial development has diffused across Earth’s surface, much of the world’s industry is concentrated in four regions.

5. World Industrial Regions • North America • Industrialized areas in North America • Changing distribution of U.S. manufacturing • Europe • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • East Asia

6. Manufacturing Regions Fig. 11-3: The world’s major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.

7. North America • Manufacturing in North America is concentrated in the northeastern quadrant of the United States and in southeastern Canada. • Only 5 percent of the land area of these countries.., contains one-third of the population and nearly two-thirds of the manufacturing output. • This manufacturing belt has achieved its dominance through a combination of historical and environmental factors. • Early. . . settlement gave eastern cities an advantage. . . to become the country’s dominant industrial center. • The Northeast also had essential raw materials. . . and good transportation. • The Great Lakes and major rivers. . . were supplemented in the 1 800s by canals, railways, and highways.

8. Industrial Regions of North America Fig. 11-4: The major industrial regions of North America are clustered in the northeast U.S. and southeastern Canada, although there are other important centers.

9. Manufacturing Value Change Fig. 11-5: The value and growth of manufacturing in major metropolitan areas in the U.S. between 1972 and 1997.

10. Europe and Manufacturing • The Western European industrial region appears as one region on a world map. • In reality, four distinct districts have emerged, primarily because European countries competed with one another to develop their own industrial areas. • Eastern Europe has six major industrial regions. • Four are entirely in Russia, one is in Ukraine, and one is southern Poland and northern Czech Republic.

11. Manufacturing Centers in Western Europe Fig. 11-6: The major manufacturing centers in Western Europe extend in a north-south band from Britain to Italy.

12. Rhine—Ruhr Valley • Western Europe’s most important industrial area is the Rhine—Ruhr Valley... in northwestern Germany, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. • Within the region, industry is dispersed rather than concentrated in one or two cities. • No individual city has more than one million inhabitants. • The Rhine divides into multiple branches as it passes through the Netherlands. • The city of Rotterdam is near to where several major branches flow into the North Sea. • This location at the mouth of Europe’s most important river has made Rotterdam the world’s largest port. • Iron and steel manufacturing has concentrated in the Rhine—Ruhr Valley because of proximity to large coalfields. • Access to iron and steel production stimulated the location of other heavy-metal industries, such as locomotives, machinery, and armaments.

13. Mid-Rhine • The second most important industrial area in Western Europe includes southwestern Germany, northeastern France, and the small country of Luxembourg. • In contrast to the Rhine—Ruhr Valley, the German portion of the Mid-Rhine region lacks abundant raw materials, but it is at the center of Europe’s most important consumer market. • The French portion of the Mid-Rhine region—Alsace and Lorraine—contains Europe’s largest iron- ore field and is the production center for two-thirds of France’s steel. • Tiny Luxembourg is also one of the world’s leading steel producers, because the Lorraine iron-ore field extends into the southern part of the country.

14. United Kingdom • The Industrial Revolution originated in the Midlands and northern England and southern Scotland, in part because those areas contained a remarkable concentration of innovative engineers and mechanics during the late eighteenth century. • The United Kingdom lost its international industrial leadership in the twentieth century. • Britain was saddled with outmoded and deteriorating factories and their “misfortune” of winning World War II. • The losers, Germany and Japan, received American financial assistance to build modern factories, replacing those destroyed during the war. • The United Kingdom expanded industrial production in the late twentieth century by attracting new high-tech industries that serve the European market. • Japanese companies have built more factories in the United Kingdom than has any other European country. • Today British industries are more likely to locate in southeastern England near the country’s largest concentrations of population and wealth and the Channel Tunnel.

15. Northern Italy • A fourth European industrial region of some importance lies in the Po River Basin of northern Italy. • Modern industrial development in the Po Basin began with establishment of textile manufacturing during the nineteenth century because of two key assets: numerous workers and inexpensive hydroelectricity.

16. Manufacturing Centers in Eastern Europe and Russia Fig. 11-7: Major manufacturing centers are clustered in European Russia and the Ukraine. Other centers were developed east of the Urals.

17. Manufacturing Centers in East Asia Fig. 11-8: Many industries in China are clustered in three centers near the east coast. In Japan, production is clustered along the southeast coast.