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CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

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CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

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  1. Figure3. Protein sequences of the α subunit of the F-ATPase in Escherichia coli bacteria, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), mice(Mus musculus), and humans (Homo sapiens). The α subunit is highly conserved across species. The * indicates that the amino acid at that position is the same in all species compared. Two dots indicate that conservative substitutions have occurred at that location, while one dot indicates that semi-conservative substitutions have occurred. Red amino acids are small and hydrophobic, blue residues are acidic, pink amino acids are basic, and green residues

  2. CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

  3. Cell Signaling

  4. 1. Signal Reception • G Protein-Linked Receptors • Tyrosine Kinase Receptors • Ligand Gated Channel Receptors • Intracellular Receptors

  5. G Protein-Linked Receptors

  6. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

  7. Ligand-Gated Channel Receptors

  8. Intracellular Receptors Intracellular receptor Steroid Hormones are signal molecules that get “internalized”and bind a receptor protein in the cytoplasm.

  9. 2. Signal Transduction - often a complex “cascade” of reactions

  10. Cyclic AMP is an important second-messenger -small, water soluble non-protein molecules

  11. Ca ++ as a second messenger

  12. 3. Cellular Response Gene Expression (nucleus) Cytoplasmic Response

  13. Complex signaling pathways allow for: 1. Signal Amplification: Ex. Epinephrine and Glycogen breakdown in liver. 2. Specificity of Response:

  14. Apoptosis- Programmed cell death internal signals external signals Why would cells want to commit suicide or be targeted for elimination by other cells? Apoptosis

  15. The Cell Cycle: CELLULAR REPRODUCTION What must happen before a cell can divide (reproduce)?

  16. Bacterial cell division (binary fission)

  17. What is different about a eukaryotic cell? What complicates eukaryotic cell division?

  18. Figure 12.2 Eukaryotic chomosomes

  19. Figure 12.3 Chromosome duplication and distribution during mitosis

  20. Figure 12.0 Mitosis

  21. The functions of Mitotic cell division: 1.) Reproduction Asexual reproduction of a unicellular, eukaryotic organism

  22. 2.) Development

  23. 3.) Tissue renewal in adults

  24. Figure 12.4 The cell cycle

  25. Figure 12.5 The stages of mitotic cell division in an animal cell: G2 phase; prophase; prometaphase

  26. Figure 12.5 The stages of mitotic cell division in an animal cell: metaphase; anaphase; telophase and cytokinesis.

  27. Figure 12.6 The mitotic spindle at metaphase

  28. Testing a hypothesis for chromosome migration during anaphase

  29. Figure 12.8 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KE2VI7tDL1k&feature=fvwrel

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