If there is time left

1. If there is time left

2. Different categories for different word-classes • NOUNS – number, possession • VERBS – tense, person, participles • ADJECTIVES – comparison • PRONOUNS – number, (remnants of) case, gender, possession • ADVERBS – comparison • ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, etc. are not subject to such morpho-syntactic changes

3. Nouns 1. Most nouns in English form their plural by adding –s. The –s is pronounced differently depending on the final sound of the noun in the singular. boys /z/ bags /z/ parks /s/ If the last sound of the noun in the singular is /s, ʃ, ʧ, ks, ʒ, ʤ/, -s is pronounced /ɪz/ and –es is added in writing.. wishes /ɪz/

4. 2. Nouns ending in a consonant + y, form their plural as follows:y → i + es baby + s = y → i + es = babies lady + s = y → i + es = ladies BUT keys, surveys, etc.3. Twelve nouns ending in –f (-fe): calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf, form their plural as follows:f(e) → v + es /vz/ calf + s = f(e) → v + es = calves /vz/ knife + s = f(e) → v + es = knives /vz/

5. 4. Nouns ending in –o, form their plural by adding –es. tomatoes potatoesBUT nouns that are of foreign origin or belong to musical terminology, just add –s in the plural. photos kimonos pianos sopranos5. Some nouns have no plural form and they can take either a singular or a plural verb: fish (and all names of different kinds of fish) sheep deer (and all animals that are hunted do not have plural forms when used by hunters)

6. Irregular plurals:man men woman women ox oxen child children brother brethren foot feet tooth teeth goose geese mouse mice louse lice

7. PRONOUNS

8. Verbs

9. Adjectives

10. Adverbs