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Similarities and differences between First and second Generation Muslim Empires

Similarities and differences between First and second Generation Muslim Empires. First Generation: Umayyad, Abbasid and Delhi Sultanate. Second Generation: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal. Similarities. Problems of succession Warrior Aristocracy Divided Population

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Similarities and differences between First and second Generation Muslim Empires

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  1. Similarities and differences between First and second Generation Muslim Empires First Generation: Umayyad, Abbasid and Delhi Sultanate Second Generation: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal

  2. Similarities • Problems of succession • Warrior Aristocracy • Divided Population • Creative Culture where learning was emphasized

  3. Differences • Earlier ones enjoyed monopoly on trade • Later empires had substantial land based militaries • Later empires began losing edge to Europeans

  4. The Mughal Empire

  5. I. ORIGINS Babur (1500s) • Key Ruler: • Moved into N. India • Gunpowder • Islam

  6. II. Empire Building Akbar • Key ruler: • Defeated remaining Indian armies • Consolidated rule • Improved conditions of women *Child Marriages ended Famed Cotton • Economic boom— Indian and Persian • Blending of Culture: • Policy of Peace between Hindus & Muslims

  7. Policy of Peace between Hindus & Muslims • Govt. Jobs to Hindus • Religious tolerance • Permitted intermarriage: Akbar takes a Hindu wife • Ended Jizya—Special tax on Hindus

  8. III. Apex of Achievement Jahangir & Shah Jahin • Military conquests and expansion • Key rulers: • Capital moves to Delhi • Series of cultural achievements • Red Fort and Taj Mahal • Beginning of the end…Twilight • Draining of the Treasury

  9. Re growth of cities Contact w/ each other through textile trade (cotton) Same time period: 1500 and 1600s Trade facilitated achievement

  10. Venice & Florence Delhi & Agra Revival of Greek/ Roman heritage Blending of Indian/ Persian influences Merchants served as patron of the arts Rulers were patron of the arts Connected Art/Religion Secular art Fell behind Europe in science Moved ahead of India in science Apex – sculpture & art (Da Vinci & Michelangelo Apex – architecture (Taj Mahal & Red Fort)

  11. Taj Mahal Red Fort Akbar Style-blending of Persian/Indian influences

  12. IV. Decline Aurangzeb • Key ruler: • Control all India • Purify Islam • Reverse female gains • Military drains treasury • Internal revolts • vulnerable

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