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History and Development of the English Language

History and Development of the English Language. Language System and Discourse Diachronic Perspective. Basic Concepts. Material Culture vs. Non-Material Culture Language as a “Tool” Language vs. Dialect Diachronic vs. Synchronic views Language System vs. Language Discourse

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History and Development of the English Language

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  1. History and Development of the English Language Language System and Discourse Diachronic Perspective

  2. Basic Concepts • Material Culture vs. Non-Material Culture • Language as a “Tool” • Language vs. Dialect • Diachronic vs. Synchronic views • Language System vs. Language Discourse • Synthetic vs. Analytic

  3. Syntactic Lexical Morphological Phonological Grammatical Rules Content Words Form Words – Affixes Sounds and Letters SYSTEM – Levels, Units, Rules

  4. Ethnic Groups • Celts (Founders of Europe) • Romans (Roman Empire) • Angles, Saxons and Jutes (West Germanic) • Danes (North Germanic, Viking Age) • Normans (French-Norman)

  5. The Celtic Element – the Britons • English took practically nothing from the old Celtic language. • Some Common Words • Some Names of places

  6. Some Common Words of Celtic Origin • British words ass, brock, bannock, bin • From Welsh: druid, flannel, gull, bard • From Scotch Gaelic: cairn, clan, plaid, whisky • From Irish: brogue, shamrock, galore

  7. Some Celtic Names of Places • Avon = river • Esk, Ex, Usk, Ouse, Aire = water • The Don and the Doune • Stour, Tees, Trent, Wye and Wey • are Celtic names. The Celtic dun (= a protected place) can be seen in Dundee, Dunbar, and in the old name for Edinburgh, Dunedin; Kill (= a church) in Kildare, Kilkenny; -combe (cwm) (= a hollow) in Ilfracombe, Combe Martin; caer ( = a castle) in Caerleon, Carliste, Cardiff; and -llan (= holy) in Llangollen, Llandudno. The names London, Dover, York, Glasgow are British, and so is the first part of Dorchester, Gloucester, Manchester, Winchester, Salisbury, to which has been added he old English ceaster (from the Latin castra = a camp)or –burgh (= a fort).

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