MEMORY Part 1: Models

1. MEMORYPart 1: Models REVISION

2. Defining memory

3. memory The processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning.

4. encoding The process of converting information into a useable form that can be represented and stored in memory

5. storage Retention of information in memory over time.

6. retrieval The process of locating and recovering stored information from memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

7. Models of human memory

8. Atkinson-shiffrin Amodel that represents memory as consisting of three separate components called the sensory register, the short-term store and the long-term store, and distinguishes between structural features and control processes.

9. Atkinson-Shiffrin

10. Structural features In the Atkinson–Shiffrin multi-store model, a built-in, fixed feature of memory that does not vary from one situation to another.

11. Control processes In the Atkinson–Shiffrin multi- store model, an activity that is consciously performed to assist the memory process, such as attention and maintenance rehearsal.

12. memory

13. STM Amemory system or sub-system(s) with limited storage capacity and duration in which we can manipulate new incoming information and information retrieved from LTM; also called working memory .

14. Working memory Asub-system of memory in which information we are consciouslyaware of is actively ‘worked on’; information from sensory memory is processed here and information is retrieved from long-term memory and used in working memory; also called short- term memory.

15. rehearsal The process of actively manipulating information so that it can be retained in memory

16. Serial position effect Aresearch finding that the free recall of items in a list is best for items at the end of the list, then the beginning, and worst for items in the middle of the list.

17. chunking The grouping of bits of separate information into a larger unit that can be remembered as a single unit .

18. Baddeley and hitch’s model of working memory Amulti-component model of working memory that describes its structure and function in terms of three separate but interacting components called the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the central executive; a fourth component called the episodic buffer was added later by Baddeley.

19. (Episodic buffer)

20. Baddeley and hitch • Central executive: Most important, controls attention, integrates information together. • Episodic buffer: Connects them all with the LTM • Phonological loop: Active when you read, listen, speak or repeat words to yourself in order to remember them (aka: verbal working memory) • Visuo-spatial sketchpad: Temporarily stores a limited amount of visual and spatial information

21. Craik and lockhart’s levels of processing Aconceptual description of memory that emphasises that the depth at which information is processed during learning determines how well it is stored; levels of processing range from very shallow to very deep

22. Craik and lockhart’s levels of processing Deeper encoding

23. ltm The relatively permanent memory system that holds vast amounts of information for a long period of time

24. LTM

25. Semantic memory Adeclarative (explicit) long- term memory system that stores information about the world.

26. Semantic network theory Adescription of the organisation of information in long-term memory in terms of overlapping networks (grids) of interconnected concepts (nodes); activating one node during retrieval increases the likelihood that associated nodes become activated.

27. Spreading activation When activation of one node during retrieval stimulates activation of other linking nodes in a semantic network.