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Frederick II.

Frederick II. Frederick II (1712-1786). F. the Great or Old Fritz King of Prussia 1740-1786 Enabled rise of Prussia with the help of military victories Enlightened absolutism Major reforms in economic, legal, administrative, agricultural, and military sectors. Immanuel Kant.

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Frederick II.

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  1. Frederick II.

  2. Frederick II (1712-1786) • F. the Great or Old Fritz • King of Prussia 1740-1786 • Enabled rise of Prussia with the help of military victories • Enlightened absolutism • Major reforms in economic, legal, administrative, agricultural, and military sectors

  3. Immanuel Kant

  4. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) • Author of 3 critiques (Pure Reason, Practical Reason, and Judgment) • Knowledge becomes part of critique • Categorical Imperative: “Act in such a way that the underlying principle of your will could also at any time serve as general law.”

  5. G.E. Lessing

  6. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781) • Theatrical director in Hamburg • Most prominent writer of German enlightenment (plays, pamphlets, essays) • Minna of Barnhelm • Laokoön • Hamburgische Dramaturgie

  7. Enlightenment Concepts • Act according to reason (Sapere aude!) • Logical reasoning inherent to human being • Progress, tolerance, equality, freedom of the individual • Accumulation of knowledge, rather than formation of emotion and character • Denigration of religion in favor of intellectualism

  8. Enlightenment DebateThe Berlin Wednesday Society • J.K.W. Möhsen (1722-1795); “What is to be done toward the Enlightenment of the Citizenry?” (1783) • Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786); “On the Question: What is Enlightenment?” (1784) • Kant essay (1784) • K.L. Reinhold (1758-1823); “Thoughts on Enlightenment” (1784) • C.M. Wieland (1733-1813); “A Couple of Gold Nuggets from the… Wastepaper, or Six Answers to Six Questions” (1789)

  9. Initial Questions (Wieland) • What is enlightenment? • Over which objects can and must it extend itself? • Where are its limits? • What are the safe means through which it is advanced? • Who is authorized to enlighten humanity? • By what consequences does one recognize its truth?

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