The French & Indian War ( 1754 to 1763)

1. The French & Indian War (1754 to 1763) Mr. Juelfs - 8th Grade US History

2. North America in 1750

3. Quebec: Capital of New France Montreal: French settlement which was the center of the fur trade Why they came: Most French came on a temporary basis as trappers & traders, learned to live with the native-Americans, inter-married Plan to establish a permanent colony of farming families in the St. Lawrence River Valley, grew to 15,000 by 1700 The French

4. The French vs other Europeans • French • Empire based on Trade • Spanish • set-out to Rule & Conquer • English • Establish colonies as they push Natives off land French Flag during this period

5. French Fur Trade • Ordinary Frenchmen couldn’t own land in New France, only nobles who brought settlers • Riches lay in pelts & hides, not gold or farming! • Depended on American Indian help • Fur Trappers & Traders learned to live like the Indians

6. 1754  Build up to War George Washington Conflict in the Ohio Valley French British • Fort Necessity • George Washington • Fort Duquesne • Delaware • Shawnee Indians • George Washington led a surprise attack against the French • The French countered by attacking Ft. Necessity • Washington retreated to Virginia • Huron Indians sided with the French • The French & Indian war had now begun • Part of a larger conflict - The Seven Years War

7. 1754  Albany Plan of Union • Colonist tried to form their own alliances • Reps from the British colonies & the Iroquois nations met in Albany to discuss an alliance Ben Franklin Proposed that the British colonies band together & send representatives to a Grand Council (which could collect taxes, raise arms & make treaties)

8. Results of the Albany Congress • Colonists were not ready for Union • Colonial assemblies wanted to keep control of local affairs • Colonists: • Not enough power for the colonists! • England: • Too much power for the colonists! Albany Congress Failed Iroquois broke off relations with the British & threatened to trade with France

9. Lasting Importance of Albany • Franklin anticipated many of the problems that the government would face after independence • Albany contained the seeds of true union • These ideas would be adopted 30 years later!

10. French Advantages • Controlled access to the interiorSt. Lawrence River and Mississippi River • Single colonial government, can act quickly (colonies had 13 separate gov’ts) • Sent ships & professional soldiers rather than depend on military help from their colonists • Loyal Indian Allies (Huron, Algonquin)

11. British Strengths & Weaknesses • Population much larger than that ofNew France • Located along the Atlantic coast • Easier to defend • Fighting to save their homes & land • BUT . . . • British lose Indian allies after they lose at Fort Necessity • Indians end up siding with the French or they stay out of the fight!

12. 1755  Braddock’s Defeat Gen. Edward Braddock attempts to evict the French from the Ohio Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) • Braddock ignored repeated warnings and he & his men were ambushed • Braddock was killed less than 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by relatively small French & Indian force • Americans were stunned as British forces suffer various defeats over the next two years

13. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics • March in formation or bayonet charge MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials MilitaryDiscipline: • Didn’t observe military protocols observed • Drills & tough discipline Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes • Colonists should pay for their own defense Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

14. William Pitt • Britain’s Secretary of State1757 begins to transform the British war effort • Under total British control • Pours $$$ into the war effort • Colonists forced to provide supplies, equipment, shelter and manpower

15. The Tide Turns for England • Pitt focuses on 3 main goals to defeat the French: Take control of… • Louisburg, Quebec, and Montreal • Native-American allies abandon the French who are outnumbered, confused, exhausted, outgunned, & low on supplies

16. The Tide Turns for England • 1758 - Louisburg fell to Brits under General Wolfe • 1st significant British victory of the war • Wolfe takes Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Valley • renamed it Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, PA)1759 - Quebec falls to Brits • 18,000 English vs. 14,000 French • Wolfe & Montcalm both die1760 - Montreal falls to Brits • End of French in Canada • French population remained behind • Treaty of Paris formally ends the French & Indian War

17. 1763  Treaty of Paris France -->lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India & all claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Basically, lost all land in N. America Spain -->got all French lands west of the Mississippi River (New Orleans) but lost Florida to England England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade & commercial dominance in India

18. North America in 1763

19. Effects of the War on Britain & America? Britain • It increased Britian’s colonial empire in America • It greatly enlarged England’s debt • England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! America • It united the colonies against a common enemy • It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated Both (towards one another) • It created bitter feelings that would only intensify