GROUP 2: AZREENASHAFIQAH BT AZMEE D11A005 AZWAN BIN KAMARUDIN D11B038

1. BILE & DIGESTION GROUP 2: AZREENASHAFIQAH BT AZMEE D11A005 AZWAN BIN KAMARUDIN D11B038 HASNA NADIA BT HASAN SAZALLI D11A009 FATHIYAH BT JUFRI D11A006 AMIRAH NU’AIMI BT ZAKARIA D11A004

2. What is BILE?Where is it comes from?Where is it located?What is the function?

3. BILIARY SYSTEM: ANATOMY PART The biliary system consists of the organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas) and ducts (bile ducts) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile.

4. FUNCTION OF BILIARY SYSTEM To drain waste products from the liver into the duodenum. To help in digestion (normally fat) with the controlled release of bile.

5. WHAT IS BILE?? Bile or gall is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestionof lipidsin the small intestine. It consists of water (85%), bile salts (10%), mucus & pigment (3%), fats (1%), inorganic salts (0.7%), & cholesterol (0.3%) In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladderand upon eating is discharged into the duodenum.

6. Function of BILE 1. Breaks down the fats so that the body can utilize them. Without adequate bile, fats cannot be metabolized well which can result in a deficiency of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K). You may also have problems digesting the essential fatty acids. 2. Act as an antioxidant which helps to remove toxins from the liver. The liver filters toxins (bacteria, viruses, drugs or other foreign substances the body doesn't want) and sends them out via the bile, which is made in the liver. The pathway of departure is from the liver through the bile ducts and into the gallbladder or directly into the small intestine where it joins waste matter and leaves through the colon with the feces.

7. WHAT IF GALLBLADDER IS REMOVED?? • The term is called cholecystectomy. • Complications: • The digestive tract isn’t able to receive enough bile, meaning it also doesn’t receive enough bile salts. • As a result, toxins can build up over time, creating many complications and illnesses such as infection, inflammation and cancer.  • But can be adjusted, treated by taking bile salts orally once a day as a natural supplement to restore your digestive tract back to a clean and pristine condition.

8. STEPS OF PRODUCTION & TRANSPORTATION OF BILE When the liver cells secrete bile, it is collected by a system of ducts that flow from the liver through the right and left hepatic ducts. These ducts ultimately drain into the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which runs from the liver to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine). However, not all bile runs directly into the duodenum. About 50 percent of the bile produced by the liver is first stored in the gallbladder, a pear-shaped organ located directly below the liver. Then, when food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and releases stored bile into the duodenum to help break down the fats.

9. BILE ??? HORSE ??? • Do Horses produce Bile ? • Where do bile stored ? • Where is the horse’s gall bladder ? • Where do this bile goes to ? •  LETS SHARE 

10. BILE ??? HORSE ??? • Do Horses produce Bile ? • Where do bile stored ? • Where is the horse’s gall bladder ? • Where do this bile goes to ? •  LETS SHARE  YES GALL BLADDER NO GALL BLADDER STRAIGHT TO SMALL INTESTINE

11. Horses and Bile • Gall bladder is not essential, absence in horse • Horses do produce bile for digestion • Bile will constantly released into the small intestine • A horse who has gone half a day without eating can start to look jaundiced (eat constantly)

12. Why do horses have to eat constantly ? • Liver is continuously secreting bile and continuously delivered into the small intestine • Stomach constantly produces acids for breaking down foods and activating enzymes for digesting proteins • Horse’s stomach is relatively small and can only hold so much at one time • Most of a horse’s energy comes from fermenting forages in the hindgut

13. DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE HASNA NADIA BT HASAN SAZALLI D11A009

14. IN MOUTH • When food is chewed, it mixed with saliva which contain digestive enzyme salivary alpha- amylase secreted mainly by parotid gland. hydrolyze the glycogen, starch and dextrins into the disaccharide maltose.

15. In stomach • No carbohydrate digestion take place. • The activity of the salivary amylase is blocked by acid of gastric section because the amylase is essentially non active as an enzyme once the pH of the medium falls below.

16. In the Small Intestine • Digestion by pancreatic amylase -contain large quantity of alpha-amylase that identical with alpha-amylase of saliva but several times as powerful. Amylase Polysaccharides Disaccharides

17. HYDROLYSIS OF DISACCHARIDES INTO MONOSACCHARIDES • Digestion mediated by enzymes synthesized by cells lining the small intestine (brush border). Contain enzyme : lactose, sucrose, maltose and alpha-dextrinase. Brush Border Enzymes Disaccharides Monosaccharides * Exception is β-1,4 bonds in cellulose

18. HYDROLYSIS OF DISACCHARIDES INTO MONOSACCHARIDES Sucrase Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Maltase Maltose Glucose + Glucose Lactase Lactose Glucose + Galactose

20. Thus the final products of carbohydrate digestion are all monosaccharides and are absorbed into portal blood.

21. DIGESTION OF PROTEIN FATHIYAH BT MUHAMAD JUFRI D11A0006

22. PROTEIN DIGESTION • No protein digestion in stomach BUT take place in stomach and small intestine • The lining of stomach contain glands fx-to secrete gastric juice contain digestive enzymes,HCL and mucus • Enzymes responsible for splitting proteins called proteolyticenzymes.Proteolytic enzymes fall under endopeptidases and exopeptidases • The most familiar----pepsin,trypsin,chymotrypsin,aminopeptidase,carboxypeptidase,tripeptidase and dipeptidase (highly specific,actdeiffrently on certain substances,different optimal reaction)

23. ENDOPEPTIDASES • Endopeptidases (proteinases) responsible for breaking specific peptide bonds within protein • Pepsin is secreted in gastric juice as inactive precursor called pepsinogen. • work best in acidic medium compare in alkali and neutral medium • Pepsin break the peptide bond,it cleaves protein into small polypeptides • Pepsin like rennin(coagulating of milk)convert caseinogen to casein which form insoluble complex with calcium

24. Trypsin is secreted by pancreas inactive precursor called trypsinogen. • Trypsinogenactivated by enterokinasesecreted by intestinal mucosa • Trypsin break peptide bonds of polypeptides into smaller polypeptides • Chymotrypsin is secreted from pancreas inactive form called chymotrypsinogen. - chymotrypsinogen is activated by trypsin • Endopeptidases hydrolyze large protein molecules to smaller peptides and further broken down to smaller peptides by exopeptidases

25. EXOPEPTIDASES • Exopeptidases (peptidases) responsible for removal of terminal amino acids • Carboxypeptidases which secreted as precursor procarboxypeptidasesactivated by trypsin -remove carboxyl terminal of amino acid • Aminopeptidases remove amino terminal of amino acid • Both enzyme do not act on dipeptides.

27. DIGESTION OF FATAMIRAH NU’AIMI D11A004 • Enzyme needed for the breakdown of fat = LIPASE • Lipase secreted by the pancreas will digest the fats into small molecules. • Digestion of fat begins at initial segment of SI that is DUODENUM • Problem ? Fat and other lipids do not dissolve in water, instead they tend to clump together, forming large masses. • They need something to overcome this problem which is BILE ; produced by liver & stored in the gall bladder. • Bile helps to prevent the fats from clumping together.

28. Lipase With the help of bile Bile consists of molecules that have a dual nature. Half of it attract to water, while the other attract to fat. The bile molecules therefore place themselves in between fat and water. In this way, fat droplets remain suspended in water rather than merging together. This process called emulsification. Fat

29. GENERALLY