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Adult ADHD

Adult ADHD. Delicia Garner March 25, 2006 Master’s Project Presentation. Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Prevalence = 100 million adults Imbalance of chemical messengers in the brain that results in difficulties: Focusing Organizing and prioritizing work

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Adult ADHD

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  1. Adult ADHD Delicia Garner March 25, 2006 Master’s Project Presentation

  2. Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Prevalence = 100 million adults • Imbalance of chemical messengers in the brain that results in difficulties: • Focusing • Organizing and prioritizing work • Filtering out or ignoring distractions • Thinking before action • Delaying gratification

  3. Childhood ADHD • Common myth: that children with ADHD “grow out of it” • But 65% of children diagnosed continue having symptoms into adulthood • Most people know the problems that children with ADHD face – academic and behavioral trouble at school, difficulty making and keeping friends, and stressful family situations • Few people are aware of serious consequences of Adult ADHD

  4. Consequences of Adult ADHD • Adults with untreated ADHD are • More than twice as likely to have been arrested • 78% more likely to be addicted to tobacco • Twice as likely to have been divorced • More than twice as likely to have dropped out of high school • Twice as likely to have held 6 or more jobs in the past 10 years from: ADHD in Adults (A Guide to ADHD and Effective Treatment)

  5. Recognizing Adult ADHD • Constant disorganization, poor time management, and failure to plan ahead • Frequent forgetfulness, often losing things • Continual problems starting or finishingprojects or tasks • Impulsive decision making, and saying things without thinking • Ongoing problems concentrating and paying attention

  6. Continued… • Extreme restlessness or fidgetiness • Poor anger control • Difficulty keeping jobs • Martial problems and relationship issues from: ADHD in Adults (A Guide to ADHD and Effective Treatment)

  7. ADHD in Children and Adults • The same, but different • Adult ADHD more difficult to recognize, which is why many adults remain undiagnosed • Core impairments of ADHD - inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity- remain the same • But the symptoms that result usually change as people get older

  8. Hyperactivity Can’t sit still, always on the go Climbs or runs at inappropriate times Physical Impulsivity Does things that result in injuries Restlessness Can’t stay focused on one thing Is fidgety or impatient Verbal Impulsivity Says the “wrong thing” or speaks out of turn Childhood Symptoms Versus Adult

  9. Has problems waiting one’s turn Inattention Can’t pay close attention in class or complete schoolwork Interrupts others excessively Inattention Has difficulty concentrating at work and finishing tasks from: ADHD in Adults (A Guide to ADHD and Effective Treatment) Continued…

  10. ADHD: A Genetic Link • If a close family member has ADHD, then the patient is at an increased risk • Especially ask about parents, children and siblings

  11. Why so difficult to diagnose? • Lack of guidelines for primary care providers • Lack of objectively verifiable tests • Diagnostic criteria structured more toward childhood diagnoses • High rate of media attention predisposing adults toward self diagnoses • Common comorbidities • Concern of schedule II drug abuse

  12. Clinical Presentation • Criteria for ADHD are specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) • DSM-IV describes 3 subtypes of ADHD • Predominately hyperactive • Predominately inattentive • Mixed type with symptoms of other 2 categories

  13. DSM-IV Criteria A for ADHD • For diagnoses, 4 criteria must be met (Criteria A,B,C, and D) • Criteria A has 2 subgroups • Either subgroup 1 or subgroup 2 must be met in order for clinical diagnoses

  14. Subgroup 1 of Criteria A • Classic examples of inattention from subgroup1 • Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in work or other activities • Often has difficulty sustaining attention • Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly • Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish duties in the workplace • Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities • Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities • Often forgetful in daily activities

  15. Subgroup 2 of Criteria A • Classic examples of hyperactivity-impulsivity • Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat • Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness) • Is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor" • Often talks excessively • Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed • Often interrupts or intrudes on others

  16. Criteria B, C, and D • B. Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years. • C. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g., at school [or work] and at home). • D. There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning

  17. Criticisms of DSM-IV • never been validated in adults • doesn’t include developmentally appropriate symptoms for adults • fails to identify some significantly impaired adults who would benefit from treatment • the subtlety and subjectivity of ADHD symptoms in adults and the absence of a single gold standard for confirming diagnoses makes assessment challenging

  18. Differential Diagnoses • Comorbidity is rule rather than exception • High rates of the following are found among ADHD patients in virtually every study: • antisocial personality • learning disabilities • substance abuse • major depression • anxiety disorders

  19. Other pertinent associations • Bipolar 1 (which usually occurs with more severe forms of ADHD) • earlier onsets for major depressive disorder • dysthymia • oppositional defiant disorder • conduct disorder

  20. Medical Conditions that Mimic ADHD • Hyperthyroidism • petit mal and partial complex seizures • hearing deficits • hepatic disease • lead toxicity • sleep apnea • drug interactions

  21. Pharmacological Treatment • STIMULANTS!!!!!!! • Methylphenidate and amphetamine 1st line • Well-tolerated and safe • Need to adjust • Most brand names are simply different delivery systems of Methylphenidate (Ritalin®, Concerta®, Metadate CD®)

  22. Pharmacological Treatment • Nonstimulants (Wellbutrin®, Strattera®) • Antidepressants by nature • Effect not as robust as stimulants • But useful in patients that can’t tolerate stimulant side effects, or have addictive tendencies or comorbidities

  23. Psychosocial Treatments • Psychoeducation • Educate the patient on their diagnosis • Psychotherapy • Individual or group • Behavioral/self-management skills • Cognitive behavior therapy • Skill building in planning and organization • Other therapies • Marriage/family (career) counseling, coaching

  24. Summary • Many symptoms of childhood ADHD extend into adulthood • Adult ADHD presents differently than childhood in • Symptoms • Social and economic consequences • Psychosocial modes of treatment

  25. Summary (Continued) • Adult and childhood ADHD are the same in • Diagnostic criteria (inattention, distractibility, impulsivity) • Pharmacological treatment (stimulants) • Correct diagnosis and treatment improves outcomes exponentially • DSM-IV has shortcoming but must widely trusted criteria on hand

  26. References • Adler, L. Diagnosis and evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Clinician North Am – 01-JUN-2004; 27(2): 187-201.(From NIH/NLM MEDLINE) • Aron, A. Methylphenidate improves response inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Biological Psychiatry, Dec 2003, Volume 54, Issue 12, Pages 1465-1468. • Bierderman, J. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Selective Overview. Biological Psychiatry. June 2005, Vol 57, Issue 11, Pages 1215-1220. • Dodson, William W. Pharmacotherapy of Adult ADHD. JCLP. 2005, Vol61(5), 589-606. • Faraone, Stephen V. PhD; Spencer,Thomas MD; Aleardi, Megan; Pagano, Christine ; Biederman, Joseph MD: Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Methylphenidate for Treating Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 24(1):24-29, February 2004. • Feifel, D., Farber R., Clementz, B., Perry, W., Anllo-Vento, L. • Inhibitory deficits in ocular motor behavior in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Biological Psychiatry, Sep 2004, Volume 56, Issue 5, Pages 333-339. • Kessler, R., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C., Faraone, S., Greenhill, L., Jaeger, S., Secnik, K., Spencer, T. Patterns and Predictors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Persistence into Adulthood: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.  Biological Psychiatry, Volume 57, Issue 11, Pages 1442-1451. • Maidment, Ian D. The Use of Antidepressants to Treat Adult ADHD. Journal of Psychopharmacotherapy, 2003, Volume 17, Issue 3, Pages 332-336. • McCormick, Louis H. Adult Outcome of Child and Adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Primary Care Setting. Southern Medical Journal; Sep2004, Vol. 97 Issue 9, p823-826, 4p • McGough, James J., Smalley, Susan L., McCracken, James T., Yang, May, Del’Homme, Melissa, Lynn, Deborah E., and Loo, Sandra. Psychiatric Comorbidity in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From Multiplex Families. Am J Psychiatry, Sep 2005; 162: 1621 – 1627.

  27. References (Continued) • McGough, James J., Barkley, Russell A. Diagnostic Controversies in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Psychiatry, Nov 2004; 161: 1948 - 1956. • Michelson, D. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies.  Biological Psychiatry, Jan 2003, Volume 53, Issue 2, Pages 112-120 D. • Murphy, Kevin. Psychosocial treatments for ADHD in teens and adults: A practice-friendly review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Volume 61, Number 5 (May 2005), pp. 607-619, http://ejournals.ebsco.com.ezproxy.uky.edu/direct.asp?ArticleID=430B9774FEB11F832180 • Reimherr, E. F., B. Marchant, R. Strong, D. Hedges, L. Adler, T. Spencer, S. West, P. Soni. Emotional Dysregulation in Adult ADHD and Response to Atomoxetine.  Biological Psychiatry, July 2005, Volume 58, Issue 2, Pages 125-131. • Searight, H. Russell, Burke, J.M., Rottnek, F. Adult ADHD: Evaluation and Treatment in Family Medicine. American Family Physician, Nov 2000, Volume 62, No. 9. • Spencer, T., J. Biederman, T. Wilens, R. Doyle, C. Surman, J. Prince, E. Mick, M. Aleardi, K. Herzig, S. Faraone. A large, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Biological Psychiatry, Volume 57, Issue 5, Pages 456-463 • Wilens, T., B. Haight, J. Horrigan, J. Hudziak, N. Rosenthal, D. Connor, K. Hampton, N. Richard, J. Modell. Bupropion XL in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled study.  Biological Psychiatry, April 2005, Volume 57, Issue 7, Pages 793-801. • Zametkin, A., Schroth, E., Faden, D. The Role of Brian Imaging in the Diagnoses and Management of ADHD. ADHD Report, Nov 2005, Vol 13, No. 5.

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