Module 5 Overview Context Content Area: Policy Decisions about Drug Use/Abuse Issues

1. Module 5 Overview Context Content Area: Policy Decisions about Drug Use/Abuse Issues Essential Question (Generic): What should be done when preventable causes of disease are found? Essential Question (Drug Abuse Specific): What should be done when preventable causes of drug abuse are found? Enduring Epidemiological Understanding: Policy decisions are based on more than the scientific evidence. Because of competing values - social, economic, ethical, environmental, cultural, and political factors may also be considered. Synopsis: In Module 5, students explore specific drug policy questions and become aware of the factors that influence their own and others' positions on those questions. Lessons: Lesson 5-1: Individual and Societal Decision Making Lesson 5-2: Drug Policy Question - Should needle exchange programs be implemented? Lesson 5-3: Drug Policy Question - Should high school students be drug tested? Lesson 5-4: Drug Policy Question - Should D.A.R.E. be taught in all schools? Lesson 5-5: Drug Policy Question - Should marijuana be legal for medical purposes?

2. Module 5 - Policy Decisions about Drug Use/Abuse • Lesson 5-3 Drug Policy Question Assignment - Should high school students be drug tested? • Content • Explanation of how scientific literacy is connected to individual and societal decision-making • Definitions and discussion about policy, risk perception and the acceptability or unacceptability of risk • Application of Drug Policy question Assignment to question, Should high school students be drug tested? • Big Ideas • In a democratic society, a scientifically literate population is better able to make informed decisions about issues of public health • Societal decisions about acceptability versus unacceptability of risk often consider other factors besides the actual magnitude of that risk • The issue of whether or not high school students should be drug tested is controversial with powerful arguments on both sides This project is supported by a Science Education Drug Abuse Partnership Award, Grant Number 1R24DA016357-01, from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health.

3. Where are we? Essential Questions Enduring Understandings

4. Individual and Societal Decision Making Drug Policy Question Should high school students be drug tested? A. Orientation to the Enduring Understanding Slides B. Drug Policy Question “Hip Pocket” Slides C. Drug Policy Question Summary Slides

5. Individual and Societal Decision Making Drug Policy Question Should high school students be drug tested? A. Orientation to the Enduring Understanding Slides B. Drug Policy Question “Hip Pocket” Slides C. Drug Policy Question Summary Slides

6. Individual and Societal Decision Making Enduring Understanding Policy decisions are based on more than the scientific evidence. Because of competing values; social, economic, ethical, environmental, cultural, and political factors may also be considered.

7. Individual and Societal Decision Making Scientific Literacy A scientifically literate person is someone who: … can ask, find, or determine answers to questions derived from curiosity about everyday experiences  … has the ability to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomenon  … is able to read with understanding articles about science in the popular press and to engage in social conversation about the validity of their conclusions  … can identify scientific issues underlying national and local decisions and express positions that are scientifically and technologically informed  … (is) able to evaluate the quality of scientific information on the basis of its source and the methods used to generate it  … (has) the capacity to pose and evaluate arguments based on evidence and to apply conclusions from such arguments appropriately National Research Council.  (1996)  National Science Education Standards, Washington, DC:  National Academy Press.

8. Individual and Societal Decision Making Policy A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual John M. Last, A Dictionary of Public Health

9. Individual and Societal Decision Making Policy A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by agovernment, party, business, orindividual John M. Last, A Dictionary of Public Health

10. Individual and Societal Decision Making Drug Policy A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by agovernment, party, business, orindividual that affectsdrug use

11. Individual and Societal Decision Making Pre-Drug Policy Question Assignment Survey Summary Should high school students be drug tested?

12. Should high school students be drug tested? Drug Policy Question Should high school students be drug tested? A. Orientation to the Enduring Understanding Slides B. Drug Policy Question “Hip Pocket” Slides C. Drug Policy Question Summary Slides

13. Should high school students be drug tested? Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. HP

14. Should high school students be drug tested? Fourth Amendment Legitimate government interest Privacy HP

15. Should high school students be drug tested? HP

16. Should high school students be drug tested? HP

17. Should high school students be drug tested? I also authorize the Vernonia School District to have a representative run a urine test for drugs / alcohol and to release the information regarding the results to the Vernonia School District as deemed necessary. HP

18. Should high school students be drug tested? Dear Mr. and Mrs. Acton: District Policy JFCI requires the parent and / or guardian and the student athlete to sign a written consent for drug testing prior to participating in the athletic program. Since you are not willing to sign the required consent, your son James will not be permitted to participate in the District’s athletic program. However, should you change your mind and permit James to be tested, he will be allowed to participate. HP

19. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton HP

20. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. HP

21. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. HP

22. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. HP

23. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Blanket searches, because they involve thousands or millions of searches, pose a greater threat to liberty than do suspicion based ones, which affect one person at a time. …I dissent.” Justice Sandra Day O’Connor HP

24. Should high school students be drug tested? Earls v. Tecumseh School District  Lindsay Earls filed suit after her high school forced her to take a drug test before it would let her join the choir. HP

25. Should high school students be drug tested? Earls v. Tecumseh School District “(W)e find that testing students who participate in extracurricular activities is a reasonably effective means of addressing the School District’s legitimate concerns in preventing, deterring, and detecting drug use.” Justice Clarence Thomas, June 27, 2002 HP

26. Should high school students be drug tested? “Schools should not implement a drug testing program until they’re proven to work. …. They are too expensive. It’s like having experimental surgery that’s never been shown to work.” Linn Goldberg, Oregon Health and Science University HP

27. “… the efficacy of this means for addressing the problem (is) self-evident.” Justice Antonin Scalia, 1995 Should high school students be drug tested? HP

28. Should high school students be drug tested? Healthy People Random Assignment Time HP

29. Should high school students be drug tested? Drug Testing Program Healthy People Non-Drug Using Students Random Assignment Drug Testing Program Time HP

30. Drug Use Drug Use Drug Use Drug Use Should high school students be drug tested? Drug Testing Program Healthy People Non-Drug Using Students Random Assignment Drug Testing Program Time HP

31. Should high school students be drug tested? Healthy People Time HP

32. Drug Use Drug Use Drug Use Drug Use Should high school students be drug tested? Drug Testing Program Healthy People Non-Drug Using Students Drug Testing Program Time HP

33. Should high school students be drug tested? Time HP

34. Drug Testing Program Drug Testing Program Drug Testing Program Drug Testing Program Should high school students be drug tested? Drug Use Drug Use Time HP

35. Should high school students be drug tested? Time HP

36. Drug Testing Program Drug Testing Program Drug Use Drug Use Should high school students be drug tested? Time HP

37. Should high school students be drug tested? HP

38. Should high school students be drug tested? % or a b c d % or HP

39. No Drug Use Drug Use Drug Testing No Drug Testing Should high school students be drug tested? Risks of Drug Use Relative Risk Total % or a b 1 c d % or HP

40. DZ DZ E DZ E Healthy People DZ E DZ DZ Random Assignment Healthy People Healthy People DZ DZ E E - - - - DZ E DZ Healthy People DZ DZ E E E E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Time Time Time Time Should high school students be drug tested? Case-Control Study Controlled Trial Cohort Study Cross-Sectional Study HP

41. Should high school students be drug tested? CONCLUSION This study explored the association between student drug use and drug-testing policies in schools. While lack of evidence for the effectiveness of drug testing is not definitive, results suggest that drug testing in schools may not provide a panacea for reducing student drug use that some (including some on the Supreme Court) had hoped. Research has shown that the strongest predictor of student drug use is students' attitudes toward drug use and perceptions of peer use. To prevent harmful student behaviors such as drug use, school policies that address these key values, attitudes, and perceptions may prove more important in drug prevention than drug testing. HP

42. Should high school students be drug tested? While this study offers some valuable new findings on an important policy matter, the study has limitations. First, because of the cross-sectional design of the study, one cannot make definitive causal interpretations regarding effects of drug testing; only a panel design in a randomized or natural experiment can do so. Perhaps schools that instituted drug testing initially had higher use, and drug testing reduced those levels to levels similar to those at other schools. The net result would indicate no association, as observed in this study, despite some effect from drug testing. This scenario is unlikely, but cannot be ruled out with a cross-sectional design.Second, all data on drug testing were obtained from a single source - a school administrator. It would be helpful to have data on student awareness of, or views about, drug testing. HP

43. Should high school students be drug tested? While this study offers some valuable new findings on an important policy matter, the study has limitations. First, because of the cross-sectional design of the study, one cannot make definitive causal interpretations regarding effects of drug testing; only a panel design in a randomized or natural experiment can do so. Perhaps schools that instituted drug testing initially had higher use, and drug testing reduced those levels to levels similar to those at other schools. The net result would indicate no association, as observed in this study, despite some effect from drug testing. This scenario is unlikely, but cannot be ruled out with a cross-sectional design. Second HP

44. Should high school students be drug tested? While this study offers some valuable new findings on an important policy matter, the study has limitations. First, because of the cross-sectional design of the study, one cannot make definitive causal interpretations regarding effects of drug testing; only a panel design in a randomized or natural experiment can do so. Perhaps schools that instituted drug testing initially had higher use, and drug testing reduced those levels to levels similar to those at other schools. The net result would indicate no association, as observed in this study, despite some effect from drug testing. This scenario is unlikely, but cannot be ruled out with a cross-sectional design. Second, all data on drug testing were obtained from a single source - a school administrator. It would be helpful to have data on student awareness of, or views about, drug testing. HP

45. “… the efficacy of this means for addressing the problem (is) self-evident.” Justice Antonin Scalia Should high school students be drug tested? Drug testing was not associated with students’ reported illicit drug use, …. HP

46. Should high school students be drug tested? Robert L. DuPont, M.D. President of the Institute for Behavior and Health First Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse HP

47. Should high school students be drug tested? “These schools were dichotomized based on each school principal’s answer to this question: ‘In the school year, did your school test any students for illicit drug use?’” HP

48. Should high school students be drug tested? “Not only is it not surprising that no difference in drug use rates was found between these two heterogeneous groups, but it is almost inconceivable that there would be any difference based on this question since there is no assessment of how many drug tests were done at each school or whether there was any sort of student drug testing program underway at each school or not. A school that did a single drug test in a year would be included in the “yes” along with a school that had a comprehensive drug prevention program that included carefully-structured student drug testing.” HP

49. Should high school students be drug tested? “This study is the equivalent of taking a sample of all of the patients in the country over a year, who took one dose of a blood pressure medicine compared to patients who took no medicine and, finding no difference in the blood pressures in the two groups, concluding that antihypertensive treatments do not work.” HP

50. DZ DZ E DZ E Healthy People DZ E DZ DZ Random Assignment Healthy People Healthy People DZ DZ E E - - - - DZ E DZ Healthy People DZ DZ E E E E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Time Time Time Time Should high school students be drug tested? Case-Control Study Controlled Trial “The best study design that could establish whether student drug testing produced a deterrent effect would be ….” Cohort Study Cross-Sectional Study HP