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Pragmatic Influences on Sentence Planning and Surface Realization: Implications for Evaluation

Explore the pragmatic influences on sentence planning and surface realization in generation tasks, proposing a Wiki for evaluation. Utilize shared resources, tasks, and framework to improve comparative evaluation and address contextual challenges.

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Pragmatic Influences on Sentence Planning and Surface Realization: Implications for Evaluation

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  1. Pragmatic Influences on Sentence Planning and Surface Realization: Implications for Evaluation Amanda Stent Stony Brook University

  2. Things I’ve Noticed • Different basic approaches • Text-to-text vs. KR to text • Corpus linguistics vs. systems engineering vs. empirical research • Evaluation vs. Experimentation

  3. Three Possibilities • Shared evaluation resources • Data • Metrics • Tools • Shared evaluation task(s) • Shouldn’t be unnecessarily limiting • Shared evaluation framework • Encompasses/organizes both tasks and resources

  4. Evaluation Framework • Three dimensions • Discourse type • Summaries, explanations…. • Application • Tutoring, Q/A, dialog…. • Generation task • Proposal is for a Wiki on generation evaluation McKeown, Walker, Green, Viethan, Gatt McKeown, Walker, Reiter, Rus et al, Byron et al Cf. Mellish and Scott, Pario et al.

  5. Evaluation Framework

  6. Uses of Framework • Facilitiate discussion • What is generation? • Where do certain generation tasks take place? • Set up shared workspace • Wiki • Focus choice of shared tasks • Choose initial shared tasks from discourse/application/task triples where there is already data and/or multiple implementations

  7. Generation in Context • Context is used in several generation tasks/applications • User modeling – content selection, sentence planning • Topic/focus – RE generation, sentence planning, surface realization • Style – surface realization, multimedia generation KR is a huge issue CALO Rudnicky, Di Fabbrizio et al.

  8. Generation in Context • Existing evaluation metrics measure (to some extent) fluency and adequacy (Stent et al. 05) • Context affects both fluency and adequacy • But existing automatic metrics (for surface realization) do not take context into account • Cf. human evaluation methods like those used in (Walker et al. 02)

  9. Generation in Context -- Examples • Parallelism/Awkwardness • Italy’s industrial wholesale sales index rose 13.2% in June from a year earlier • The June increase compared with a rise of 10.5% in may from a year earlier • The June increase compared with a rise in May of 10.5% from a year earlier (Zhong and Stent)

  10. Generation in Context -- Examples • Unwanted implications • He didn’t start it but Mohandas Gandhi certainly provided a recognizable beginning to non-violent civil disobedience as we know it today • The mahatma instigated several campaigns of passive resistance against the British government in India • The mahatma instigated several campaigns against the British government in India of passive resistance (Zhong and Stent) • An explosion was reported in a shopping center in central Israel Monday, and paramedics said there were many casualties • A detonation was described in a shopping eye in central Israel Monday, and paramedics said there were many injured parties. (Barzilay and Lee)

  11. Generation in Context -- Examples • Unwarranted assertions, loss of meaning • Three Israeli soldiers were killed when a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up at a West Bank Jewish settlement Sunday, while two Palestinian men were killed in a gunbattle with Israeli troops to the north in Nablus. • Police spokeswoman said3 people were killed by bomber at a West Bank Jewish settlement attack on Sunday. (Barzilay and Lee)

  12. Generation in Context -- Examples • Unhelpful use of discourse cues • Chanpen Thai has the best overall quality among the selected restaurants because it is a Thai restaurant…. (Walker et al.) • Poor choice of referring expression • Sally gave John the box. She gave the doll to Sam, and she gave the box to him. (constructed based on examples seen in dialog systems)

  13. Generation in Context -- Examples • ‘Gold standard’ / human data inadequate/disfluent/awkward • The Pad-Thai was soooo not good and so kinda concluded that the other entree's we ordered wouldn't be well executed (Restaurant reviews on Yelp.com) • a colleague of mine at work got some information over the computer network called internet (Switchboard) • a person lives across the street from me brought her home from work because a coworker of hers had this dog appear on its front doorstep (Switchboard)

  14. What I Want: I • Shared resources • Facilitate comparative evaluation • The more KR info the better • Shared framework • Identify understudied areas • Shared tasks • Divide the load of human evaluation • Facilitate comparative evaluation

  15. What I Want: II • Context • Represent local and global context • Info about representations less important than shared representations • Sign me up for the virtual worlds! • Users available • Text-to-text and DB-to-text • One-off and interactive • (Partially) solve KR, context issues • CONTROL for studies

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