Lecture 3: Software (44 slides)

1. Lecture 3: Software (44 slides) Information technology Lecturer: Prof. Anatoly Sachenko

2. Lecture Overview • Software Types • System Software • Operating Systems • Applications Software • Graphical User Interface • Software Development Process • Programming Languages

3. Software Types – SW Definition • SOFTWARE is the aggregate of the programs which are running by computer system • It is an integral part of the computer system • Programs at Computer in contrast to HW are intangible and it’s classified as a SW • It said sometimes: a HW is Iron and a SW is a softIron • Area of computer application is determined by installed softwarethere • Computer itself does not possess knowledge in any application domain • All these knowledge are concentrated in the computer SW • SW of the modern computers includes a tremendous number of programs

4. Software Application software System software Software tools Software Types - Classification • All software can be classified into the three categories:

5. Software Types – Functions and Distinct • Application SW is intended for a direct running of user tasks • For example SW for payroll preparation • System SW or Operating System SW are controlling the whole recourses and operations of a computer OR the computers group which are united into network • SW Tools simplify the new programs design for a computer • As opposed to the Application SW the Operating Systems SW and SW Tools have no direct contribution to satisfy a user • Nowadays a border breaks between SW categories and we should separate just two of them:1- System SW or Operating Systems SW, 2-SW Application • Operating Systems have a prime place within System SW

6. System Software - Utilities • Utilities - is the important class of the system programs with the auxiliary purposes • They either extend and complement the proper possibilities of the OS or solve independent important tasks • The types of utilities: • Control programs, testing and diagnostics • Used for functioning verification of the computer devices • Also used for fault location in the process of exploitation • Specifies a reason and place of it’s disrepair (continued on the next slide)

7. System Software – Utilities (continued) • Programs-drivers - extend possibilities of the operating system for input-output management • They allows connecting to the computer new devices or non-standard use of present ones • Programs-packers (archives) • Allow to write down information on disks more densely, and also to unite the copies of a few files in one archived file • Anti-virus programs - intended for prevention of infection and liquidation of existent viruses in the computer (continued on the next slide)

8. System Software – Utilities (continued) • Programs for optimisation and quality control of the disk space • Software for information retrieval, formatting, and data protection • Communication programs - organise an exchange of information between computers • Programs for memory mapping - provide more flexible use of main memory • Recording programs • so on

9. System Software – Operating Systems • Operating System is a complex of the associate systems SW which organise an interaction between an user & computer as well as SW running • OS is a coordinating link between HW and SW running from one side, and a user from other side • It’s called as a SWcontinuation of Control Unit • OS is saved into external storage-hard disc • It reads off from hard disc and saves into RAM during computer switch on • This process is named as a OS download

10. Operating Systems Functions • Functions of the Operating System: • Running of dialog with an user • Data input-output and management • Scheduling and organization of the programs running process • Resources allocation - RAM and cache, processor, peripheral devices • Running initiation of the programs • Various auxiliary operations of service • Information transmission between the different internal devices • Software support of the peripheral units-display, keyboard, hard disc, printer and other

11. Operating Systems - 4 Main Classes • 1 - Single-user single-task OS • Support just one keyboard and can run one task only • 2-Single-user single-task OS with the background printing • Allows to run one additional task oriented for data printing basically • It’s accelerating work during printing of the data large volumes (continued on next slide)

12. Operating Systems - 4 Main Classes (continued) • 3 - Single-user multitask OS • Provides a parallel running of a few tasks for one user • For example, it is possible to connect a computer with a few printers and each of them will work for own task • 4 - Multi-user multitask OS • Allows to run the several tasks for a several users at just one computer • It looks as a very complicated OS that requires the considerable machine resources

13. Operating systems: File System • File is the ordered aggregate of any data placed on an external storage • It’s storable , transmitted and processed as a single whole • File can contain the program, numeric data, text, coded image and other • File systemis a tool for organisation of files storage in some medium • Files are implemented physically in the external storage: magnetic discs or CD • Each file occupies some number of memory blocks, its usual length is 512 bytes

14. Operating systems: File system (continued) • Files are served by OS special module named the driver of the file system • Every file has his name, incorporated in a directory— table of files contents. • Directory – it’s named sometimes as a folder -is accessible to the user through the OS command language • Directory may have own name and it can be saved in other directory with the common files forming the hierarchical files (see next slide)

15. Operating systems: Example of HierarchicalFile system

16. Operating Systems: Shells • Shells are the SW, created for simplification of work with the difficult programmatic systems, such, for example, as DOS • It transforms a bulky command user interface in a friendly graphic one • It gives an user a comfortable access to the files and vast services • Norton Commander was the most popular shell in the past • MS-Windows 3.хand Norton Navigator were used as well

17. Operating Systems – Microsoft’s Common OS • Windows 2000 Professional is a new generation operating system for the business use at the most computers - from portable to servers • It is the best for commercial activity in Internet • Windows XP (Home and Professional), Vista • New OS’ based on the Windows 2000 for the both home and business use. • Windows CE 3.0 is the OS for mobile computing devices: palm computers, digital pagers, cellular phones, DVD • Supports the Internet and e-mail and it’s running with the various microprocessors

18. Operating System Software - Microsoft’s Common OS (continued) • The Unix operating system was created in Bell Telephone Laboratories • It’s a multitasking OS, able to provide the simultaneous work for a huge amount of users • Linux – OS based on UNIX platform • It’s a powerful and free system that includes: • decentralised development group • broad testing during the development process • independence of one tool from another one • Disadvantage: absence of installation unified procedure

19. Applications Software – Word Processors • Word Processors are used for data input and editing with the following functions: • Text lines editing • Usage possibility of different character fonts • Printing-down and transfer part of text from one place to another or from one document to another (continued on the next slide)

20. Applications Software - Word Processors (continued) • Context search and replacement of text parts • Task of arbitrary interline intervals • Self-instructed carry of words on a new line • Automatic pagination • Processing and numeration of foot-notes • Aligning the edges of indention • Tables creation and diagrams construction • Word spell checking and synonyms selection • Construction of contents tables and subject indexes • Unsealing of geared-up text on a printer in the necessary number of copies, etc

21. Applications Software – Graphics SW • Graphics editors Graphics Software are the programs, intended for the automation of graphic images construction on the computer display • Provides the possibilities of drawing lines, curves, coloration of screen areas, creation of inscriptions different fonts and etc • Most editors allows to process images, received from scanners, and also to output the pictures in such kind, that they could be plugged into a document, geared-up by a text editor • Some editors allow to get representing three-dimensional objects, their sections, turns, models of frameworks, etc

22. Applications Software – Graphics SW (continued) • The most popular editors are Photoshop (left) for raster graphics and Corel DRAW (right) for vector graphics.

23. Applications Software – Graphics SW (continued) • It allows to draw in the contour lines some three-dimensional objects like an example below

24. Applications Software – Spreadsheets • Spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of Info consisting of lines and columns which content a numerical data, formulas or text • Value in the numerical cage of table can be either written or expected to be calculated in the proper formula • A formula can be addresses to other cages as well • A set of the associate programs for processing of spreadsheets is named sometimes as a Tabular processor • MS Excelis the most popular one (see next slide)

26. Applications Software – Spreadsheets (continued) • Note: if the new value is recorded into some cage of table from a keyboard the new values are counted also in all those cages with data-dependent on this cage • Spreadsheets are a comfortable tool for running of the book-keeping and statistical calculations • Examples: Payroll, budget and etc • There are the hundreds of the embedded mathematical functions and algorithms of data processing in every Spreadsheets package • Spreadsheets have in-built reference system • Multi-dimensional tables allow to make a selection in Database according proper criterion

27. Applications Software – Databases • A computer database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system so that a computer program or person using a query language can consult it to answer queries • The records retrieved in answer to queries are Info that can be used to make decisions info • The computer program used to manage and query a database is known as a database management system (DBMS) • DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database

28. Applications Software – Databases (continued) • DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data • Modern DBMS enable to operate with a text and graphic information as well as voice fragments and video clips • Simplicity of DBMS usage allows to create the new databases without additional programming, just using the embedded functions only • Popular DBMS - Oracle,DB2, Microsoft Access (see example on next slide), MS SQL Server

30. Applications Software – Web Browsing • Web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network • Text and images on a Web page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or different website • Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many Web pages at many websites by traversing these links • Web browsers format HTML (hypertext markup language) Info for display, so the appearance of a Web page may differ between browsers • Some of the Web browsers available for personal computers include Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Netscape

31. Applications Software –Desktop Publishing • Desktop publishing (also known as DTP) combines a personal computer and page layout software to create publication documents on a computer for either large scale publishing or small scale local economical multifunction peripheral output and distribution • Users create page layouts with text, graphics, photos and other visual elements using software such as QuarkXPress, Adobe InDesign, the free Scribus, Microsoft Publisher, Apple Pages and (to some extent) any graphics software or word processor that combines editable text with images • For small jobs a few copies of a publication might be printed on a local printer • For larger jobs a computer file can be sent to a vendor for high-volume printing • Term DTP is commonly used to describe page layout skills

32. Applications Software – Accounting • Accounting software records and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance • It functions as an accounting information system • It may be developed in-house by the company using it, may be purchased from a third party, or may be a combination of a third-party application SW package with local modifications • It varies greatly in its complexity and cost • Main Categories are: personal accounting, low end, mid market, high end, vertical market, hybrid solutions

33. Applications Software – Integrated Packages • Integrated packages are the set of a few software products, incorporated in a single comfortable instrument • Most of them include text editor, organiser, spreadsheet, DBMS, tools for e-mail support, program for creation presentation, graphic, etc. • Example: integrated package for books writing, containing illustrations.It contains: • Text editor • Orthographic proof-reader on 80000 words • Texts confluence program • Automatic search and replacement • Telecommunication tools • Spreadsheet etc

34. Applications Software - Organizers • Organisers is the programs -electronic assistant • Allow effectively disposing of working hours, financial means, etc • Possess possibility of regular actions automation, drafting of the personal and groups time-tables, meetings planning, keep a diary • Contains calendar, clock, calculator, etc • Lotus Organizeris a notebook, broken to the section-by-section: calendar, list of businesses, address and public-call book, planner, notebook, list of memorable dates (see example on the next slide)

36. Graphical User Interface – What is it? • User Interface (or Human Machine Interface) is the aggregate of means by which people (users) interact with a particular machine, device, computer program or other complex tool (system) • Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with a computer and computer-controlled devices • It employs the graphical icons, visual indicators or special graphical elements called "widgets", along with text, labels or text navigation to represent Info and actions available to a user • Actions are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements

37. Graphical User Interface - Widget Toolkit • In computer programming, widget (or control) is an interface element by which user interacts with computer, such as a window or a text box • Widgets are sometimes qualified as virtual to distinguish it from its physical counterparts • e.g. virtual buttons that can be clicked with a mouse cursor • vs. physical buttons that can be pressed with a finger • Widgets are often packaged together in widget toolkit or widget library or GUI toolkit • Programmers use widgets to build graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

38. Graphical User Interface – SpecificApplications • Touch screen point of sale software used by wait staff in busy restaurants • Self-service checkouts used in some retail stores.. • ATMs • Airline self-ticketing and check-in • Information kiosks in public spaces like train stations and museums • Monitor/control screens in embedded industrial applications which employ a real time operating system (RTOS) • The latest cell phones and handheld game systems also employ application specific touch screen GUIs • Cars: GPS navigation, touch screen multimedia centers, and even on dashboards of the newer cars • Zooming User Interface (ZUI) which is a logical advancement on the GUI, blending some three-dimensional movement with two-dimensional or "2.5D" vector objects

39. Software Development Maintenance Modification Software Development Process • SW process or Software life cycle can be stated: • It’s documenting for maintenance & enhancement • SW programs don’t wear out, they are needed to be modified because of possible changes& errors • SW development phase includes the main stages: • Analysis • Design • Implementation or coding • Testing

40. Software Development – Main Stages • Analysis determinates the users needs and asks on a question: what a developing SW system must do? • Then the requirements to a developing program are formed and formalized as well as the exact specification of the functions (tasks) which the program must execute • Design determines the structure of the SW System and asks on question: how it will run the posed tasks • It’s accepted that a modular structure is the best for SW program system • Implementation or coding includesthe code design, design of data files and BD development • Programming languages are used there (see next slides)

41. Software Development – Testing • Testing is tied with a coding because each program module has to be tested after its code was designed • A current program version is systematically tested as the errors presence is normal in most situations • It’s practically impossible to develop a real • Testing process can be divided into: • Verification in normal conditions • Verification in extreme conditions • Verification in exceptional situations • Program debugging is the errors search and removal process in program which produces on its testing results by a computer

42. Programming Languages • A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer • C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix • C++ is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities • It is a multi-paradigm language supporting procedural programming, data abstraction and object-oriented programming

43. Programming Languages (continued) • Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987 • Perl borrows features from a variety of languages including C, shell scripting , AWK and Lisp • PHP is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic web pages • Assembly language is a low-level language for programming computers • It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture

44. References • European Computer Driven Licence, Syllabus version 4.0, 2006. • Lecture Notes. Fundamentals of Informatics (e-version). Based on a book by L.Z.Shaucukova. Informatics (in Russian).Moscow, 2002. – 420 p. (translated and edited by Anatoly Sachenko). • William Stallings. Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance (6th edition). Prentice Hall , 2002, 750 p. • Tucker (Editor-in-Chief), R. Cupper, F.P. Deek, and R. Noonan (Editorial advisors), Computer Science Handbook, Second edition, CRC Press, 2004, 2752 p. • Hysa B., Piekoszewska B., Rakowiecka K., Sobota M., Sołtysik-Piorunkiewicz A., Zdonek D., Zdonek I., : Laboratorium z podstaw informatyki w zarządzaniu. Część II. Wprowadzenie do MS Windows. MS Word. Wydawnictwo PŚ. Gliwice 2003. Skrypt nr 2324. • Kowalczyk G.: Word 2000 PL. Ćwiczenia praktyczne. Helion, Gliwice 2000. • J. Glenn Brookshear. Computer science an overview, Sixth edition, Addison Wesley, 2001, 688 p.