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What is Good Science, and How Does it Relate to Food Consumption?

What is Good Science, and How Does it Relate to Food Consumption?. Keith R. Cooper, Ph.D. June 8, 2004. The Land Grant System.

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What is Good Science, and How Does it Relate to Food Consumption?

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  1. What is Good Science, and How Does it Relate to Food Consumption? Keith R. Cooper, Ph.D. June 8, 2004

  2. The Land Grant System Land Grant Institutions receive direct federal, state and county appropriations to extend the boundaries of traditional colleges and universities to provide mission-oriented science-based solutions to targeted problems and deliver services to stakeholders.

  3. Cook College:Program priority setting in the future Agriculture & Food Systems Food, Nutrition & Health 4 4 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 Human & Community Health Environment & Natural Resources 4 4

  4. What is Good Science? • Results from well designed studies that are based on a testable hypothesis. • Results that are reproducible by independent studies or laboratories. • Results that are statistically defensible.

  5. What is Bad Science? • When the outcome of the studies are designed in such a fashion as to give a predetermined outcome. • When the study design is too small and apparent correlations are due too statistical error. • When QA/QC protocols are compromised.

  6. How can the same data examined by different groups give differing opinions as to risk? • It may be dependent on the model used to extrapolate to obtain a risk number. • It may be dependent on the assumptions used in the model for unknown parameters. • It may be dependent on the endpoint (cancer-benign vs malignant or non-cancer endpoints) examined.

  7. Toxicology of Natural & Anthropogenic Sources of Contamination • Food pathogens (Hepatitis, Vibrio, E. coli, Algal toxins and others) associated with waterborne contamination. • Anthropogenic sources of metals, and persistent organic compounds. • These pathogens and contaminants bioaccumulate into various tissues.

  8. Persistent Organic Compounds Metals Mercury 2,3,7,8-TCDD

  9. Mechanisms of 2,3,7,8-TCDD Receptor binding Activation TCDD TCDD TCDD AhR AhR ARNT AhR ARNT cytoplasm Gene products that regulate proliferation and differentiation of cells Translation Transcription mRNA DNA DRE Nucleus

  10. Seawater control Follicle Maturing egg N= 10 oysters/day; No significant difference Equivalents based on ALP levels (mg/ml) Growing egg Developed follicle *# * # Matured eggs N= 10 oysters/day; significantly different (ANOVA P<0.05)

  11. 2,3,7,8-TCDD: 10 pg/gram Follicle Inhibited egg growth Follicle *# *! #! N=10 oyster; significantly different (ANOVA P< 0.05); Equivalents are based on ALP levels (mg/ml) Growing egg Abnormal egg growth Inhibited egg growth and maturation * N=10 oyster; significantly different (ANOVA P< 0.05)

  12. Integrated Eco-toxicological ModelingContamination of Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems (CATS):Traas and Aldenberg 1992. Contaminant Properties *solubility *Kow Contaminant Properties Toxicology Toxicology Environmental Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Sorption leaching partitioning Metabolization assimilation excetion Biotic Characteristics *foodweb *function Abiotic Characteristics *hydrology *geochemistry *climate Abiotic Conditions Habitat factors nutrient cycling Biota Ecology Ecology

  13. Uniqueness of Mercury Modeling The primary concern is methyl mercury which is produced in the environment. In other words, one must actually model four mercury species simultaneously. Collaboration with Dr. Buckley has allowed us to look at rates of metal speciation, which are essential in developing rate constants.

  14. Mercury Cycling in the Enviroment Atmosphere Inert Hg Hg II Hg II Hg0 Green Boxes denote particulate bound While clear denote dissolved Aqueous Phase Hg II Hg0 MeHg MeHg Hg II Inert Hg Hg II Hg0 MeHg MeHg Inert Hg Benthos Hg II (Adapted From Bale (2000)) Burial to Deep Sediments and Re-entrainment

  15. Comparative Risk/Benefit Ratio • US Dietary Guidelines potential health benefits from eating fish (omega-3 fatty acids reduce risk of sudden death from cardiac arrest and other ailments.) • Breastfeeding has been clearly shown for infant and mother bonding, intervention on reducing dietary intake of animal fat for children. Reduction of intake in adult women will have little effect on stored body burdens. • Cooking methods to reduce high fat containing portions.

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