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CHAPTER 18 Nuclear Energy

CHAPTER 18 Nuclear Energy. I. Radioactivity. A. Definitions Review. Nucleus : Atomic Number: Mass Number: Isotope:. A. Definitions. Radioactivity emission of high-energy radiation from the nucleus of an atom Nuclide nucleus of an isotope Transmutation

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CHAPTER 18 Nuclear Energy

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  1. CHAPTER18 Nuclear Energy I. Radioactivity

  2. A. Definitions Review • Nucleus : • Atomic Number: • Mass Number: • Isotope:

  3. A. Definitions • Radioactivity • emission of high-energy radiation from the nucleus of an atom • Nuclide • nucleus of an isotope • Transmutation • process of changing one element into another via nuclear decay

  4. B. Types of Radiation • Alpha () • helium nucleus paper 2+ • Beta-minus (-) • electron lead 1- • Gamma () • high-energy photon concrete 0

  5. C. Nuclear Decay • Why nuclides decay… • to obtain a stable ratio of neutrons to protons Stable Unstable (radioactive)

  6. C. Nuclear Decay TRANSMUTATION • Alpha Emission • Beta Emission

  7. Example Half-lives polonium-194 0.7 seconds lead-212 10.6 hours iodine-131 8.04 days carbon-14 5,370 years uranium-238 4.5 billion years D. Half-life • Half-life (t½) • time it takes for half of the nuclides in a sample to decay

  8. D. Half-life • How much of a 20-g sample of sodium-24 would remain after decaying for 30 hours? Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. GIVEN: total time = 30 hours t1/2 = 15 hours original mass = 20 g WORK: number of half-lives = 2 20 g ÷ 2 = 10 g (1 half-life) 10 g ÷ 2 = 5 g (2 half-lives) 5 g of 24Na would remain.

  9. Nuclear Reactions

  10. A. Fission • splitting a nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei • some mass is converted to large amounts of energy

  11. A. Fission • chain reaction - self-feeding reaction

  12. B. Fusion • combining of two nuclei to form one nucleus of larger mass • produces even more energy than fission • occurs naturally in stars

  13. Cooling Tower A. Nuclear Power • Fission Reactors

  14. A. Nuclear Power • Fission Reactors

  15. A. Nuclear Power • Fusion Reactors (not yet sustainable)

  16. A. Nuclear Power • Fusion Reactors (not yet sustainable) National Spherical Torus Experiment Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Princeton University

  17. 235U is limited danger of meltdown toxic waste thermal pollution Hydrogen is abundant no danger of meltdown no toxic waste not yet sustainable A. Nuclear Power FISSION FUSION vs.

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