Coconut Tree

1. Coconut Tree Presented By: Jupite Mark U. Banayag

3. Basic information on coconut French: Palmier de coco Noix de coco Cocotier cultivé German: Kokospalme Kokosnusspalme Italian: Noce di cocco Palma da cocco Tagalog: Niyog Cibuano: Lubi • Scientific name: Cocos nucifera • English: Coconut Coconut palm Coco • Dutch: Kokosnoot Kokospalm Kokosboom • Spanish:Palmera de coco Cocotero

4. Scientific classification • Kingdom: Plantae • (unranked): Angiosperms • (unranked): Monocots • (unranked): Commelinids • Order: Arecales • Family: Arecaceae • Subfamily: Arecoideae • Tribe: Cocoeae • Genus: Cocos • Species: C. nucifera'

5. Introduction • The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera linn.) is the most useful palm in the world. • Every part of the tree is useful to human life for some purpose or the other. • Hence, the coconut palm is endearingly called ‘kalpavriksha’ meaning the tree of heaven. • The copra obtained by drying the kernel of coconut is the richest source of vegetable oil containing 65 to 70 per cent oil.

6. Origin and distribution Origin • The range of the natural habitat of the coconut palm tree delineated by the red line (based on information in Werth 1933, slightly modified by Niklas Jonsson) • The origin of the plant is the subject of debate.Many authorities suggest an Indo-Pacific origin either around Melanesia and Malesia or the Indian Ocean, while others see the origin in northwestern South America. • The oldest fossils known of the modern coconut date from the Eocene period from around 37 to 55 million years ago and were found in Australia and India. However, there are older palm fossils like some of nipa fruit that have been found in the Americas.

7. Distribution • The coconut has spread across much of the tropics, probably aided in many cases by seafaring people. • Coconut fruit in the wild is light, buoyant and highly water resistant, and evolved to disperse significant distances via marine currents. • They are now almost everywhere between 26°N and 26°S except for the interiors of Africa and South America.

8. The coconut and its relatives in other languages derived from Spanish or Portuguese origin. It was described as coco, which means "spectre, goblin" or "grinning face". • There are three holes on the coconut, which makes its appearance resemble an eerie or pop-eyed merry face. The botanical name for the coconut is Cocosnucifera with nucifera meaning "bearing nuts".

9. The word coco derives from the word monkey because the nut resembles a monkey's face.

10. Description Tree Leaves Flowers Nuts

11. Tree • large single-trunked palm tree • Smooth • Columnar • light grayish brown trunk • with a terminal crown of leaves • tall varieties may attain a height of 80 to 100 feet (24 to 31 m) • trunk is slender and often swollen at the base

12. An unbranched monoecious palm, 40 to 100 ft tall, 18- 24 inches in diameter Flowers in the 6th year. Matures 16- 18 months after pollination

13. a young coconut palm • dwarf varieties are shorter in stature

14. Leaves • pinnate leaves are feather-shaped • 18 feet (5.5 m) long and 6 feet (1.8 m) wide • leaf stalks are 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) in length and spineless.

15. Fruit • roughly ovoid • up to 15 inches (38 cm) long and 12 inches (30 cm) wide • composed of a thick, fibrous husk surrounding a somewhat spherical nut with a hard, brittle hairy shell

17. Fruits weighs 2- 3 pounds each, are 24% water

18. Flowers • male and female flowers are borne on the same inflorescence • the inflorescences emerge from canoe-shaped sheaths among the leaves and may be 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 m) long and have 10 to 50 branchlets • male flowers are small, light yellow, and are found at the ends of the branchlets. Female flowers are larger than male flowers, light yellow in color, and are found towards the base of the branchlets • coconut palms begin to flower at about 4 to 6 years of age.

19. inside the shell is a thin, white, fleshy layer, about one inch thick at maturity, known as the "meat" or copra • the nut is 6 to 8 inches 15 to 20 cm) in diameter and 10 to 12 inches 25 to 30 cm) long • the interior of the nut is hollow but partially filled with a watery liquid called "coconut milk“ • three sunken holes of softer tissue called "eyes" are at one end of the nut

20. Economic Importance • coconut is the most extensively grown and used nut in the world and the most important palm • it is an important commercial crop in many tropical countries, contributing significantly to their economies • this demand in the country is much higher than the current production which turns one of the major coconuts producing country into a net coconut importer country

21. the fruit as well as the tree, both have a numerous uses. Several other products are derived from the coconut palm and they too are used in many applications • consumption of coconut is dominated by the food sector and a significant part is also utilized in obtaining coconut oil • chief product is copra, the source of coconut oil used for making soap, shampoo, cosmetics, cooking oils and margarine

22. Top ten coconut producers — 19 December 2009 Country Production (tonnes) Footnote • Philippines 19,500,000 * • Indonesia 15,319,500 • India 10,894,000   • Brazil 2,759,044 • Sri Lanka 2,200,000 F   • Thailand 1,721,640 F   • Mexico 1,246,400 F   • Vietnam 1,086,000 A • Papua New Guinea 677,000 • Malaysia 555,120   • Tanzania 370,000 F   Source: Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

23. Coconut Products Toasted Coconut Marshmallows Coconut Macaroons Coconut-scented hand soap Coconut Milk

24. Coconut Fiber Coconut Cookies Pendant and earrings Tray sets and Baskets

25. Coconuts are used to derive a number of products: •  Copra - the dried endosperm or "meat" of coconut, commonly seen in cakes and candies.  •  Coconut oil -  in 2002, production was slightly more than olive oil production.  •  Coconut cake - the residue left after pressing oil from copra, used as livestock feed •  Coir - the fiber from the husk, used as packing material, rope, matting, fuel, and in potting mixes.  •  Water in immature coconuts provides a refreshing, nutritious drink.  • United States - No production data. Coconut palms are grown in Hawaii and extreme southern Florida, largely as ornamentals.

27. (Medicine) • Coconuts may help benign prostatic hyperplasia. • Young coconut juice has estrogen-like characteristics. • Inside a coconut is a cavity filled with coconut water, which is sterile until opened. It mixes easily with blood, and was used during World War II in emergency transfusions. • It can also serve as an emergency short-term intravenous hydration fluid. • This is possible because the coconut water has a high level of sugar and other salts that makes it possible to be used in the bloodstream, much like the modern lactated ringer solution or a dextrose/water solution as an IV. • Coconut is also commonly used as a traditional remedy in Pakistan to treat bites from rats.In Brazil coconut is known as coco-da-Bahia or coqueiro-da-India. The tea from the husk fiber is widely used to treat several inflammatory disorders.[54]

28. Coconut Critical Factor • • Coconut production is oversupplied. As a result, it caused low coconut prices for the past 5-6 consecutive years. • Coconut consumption markets are saturated, also Oil coconut markets are narrower because they are replaced by palm oil. • Lacking of plant development, improved technology in production, post-harvest handling, processing and product development and distributions. • On account of the oversupply, many coconuts are left rotten and thus entails great monetary risks • Many importing countries set a relatively high quality standard to discourage importing (trade barrier). • Inadequate quality standards to guide producers in domestic and international trading. • Labor force problems. There is a higher wages rate and insufficient number of workers.

29.  Varieties (Hybrid Variety) West Coast Tall (Tall Variety) (Dwarf Variety)

30. Grow faster and are more precocious; Produce higher and more stable yield of copra and/or toddy; More uniform and easy to harvest; More efficient user of inputs; and Quickly recover from water stress d x t hybrids are popular because:

31. Climatic and soil requirement • The coconut palm is found to grow under varying climatic and soil conditions. It is essentially a tropical plant growing mostly between 20oN 20oS latitudes. However, a rainfall of about 2000 mm per year, well distributed throughout, is ideal for proper growth and maximum production.  • Coconut is grown under different soil types such as loamy, laterite, coastal sandy, alluvial, clayey and reclaimed soils of the marshy low lands. The ideal soil conditions for better growth and performance of the palm are proper drainage, good water-holding capacity, presence of water table within 3m and absence of rock or any hard substratum within 2m of the surface.

32. Planting Material • Coconut is propagated through seedlings raised from selected seednuts. Generally 9 to 12 month old seedlings are used for planting. • Select seedlings, which have 6-8 leaves and 10-12 cm collar girth when they are 9-12 month old. Early splitting of leaves is another criteria in the selection of coconut seedling.

33. Preparation of Land and Planting • On slopes and in areas of undulating terrain, prepare the land by contour terracing or bunding. In low-lying areas mounds are to be formed at planting site to a height of at least 1m above water level. In reclaimed ‘kayal’ areas, seedlings are planted on field bunds.  • In loamy soils with low water table, a pit size of 1mx1mx1m is recommended. In laterite soils with underlying rocks, take larger pits of size 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m. In sandy soils the size need not exceed 0.75m x 0.75m x 0.75

34. Spacing and Systems of Planting • Spacing depends upon the planting system, soil type etc. In general the following spacing are recommended under different planting system in sandy and laterite soils.

36. Fertilization

37. Diseases • The coconut palm is affected by a number of diseases, some of which are lethal while others gradually reduce the vigour of the palm causing severe loss in yield. A brief account of the important coconut diseases is given.

38. Bud Rot Leaf Rot Stem Bleeding Tanjavur wilt Root (wilt) Disease Root (wilt) Disease

39. The following are some of the pests that cause damage to coconuts in the Philippines. • Brontispa longissima or coconut hispine beetle, is a flat and slender beetle generally 1 centimeter long that feeds on the soft tissues of coconut fronds enough to kill the coconut. Infestation is characterized by the brownish appearance of young fronds while the outer older fronds might still be green - the opposite of the normal, in which the inner younger fronds are green while the outer older fronds are brown. To combat this pest, the Philippine Coconut Authority introduces earwigs which eat Brontispa larvae. 

40. Phytophthora castaneae Katsura & K. Uchida is a fungus that causes coconut bud rot and coconut fruit rot and premature nut fall.

41. Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) causes premature decline and death of coconut palms in the Philippines associated with viroid infection. Cadang-cadang is derived from the Bikol wordgadan-gadan which means "dead" or "dying".

42. Oryctes rhinoceros, or coconut rhinoceros beetle, feeds on the palm shoot or palm heart and kills the young palms. The Philippine Coconut Authority came up with a study using sawdust trap boxes to control this pest.

43. Thielaviopsis paradoxa causes stem bleeding disease in coconut palms. • Rarosiella cocosae Rimando, or false spider mite, damage coconut leaflets by sucking plant sap. Severe infestations make the palms appear burnt at a distance. Cocchinellid beetles are voracious predators of false spider mites. • Pestalozzia palmarum and Helminthosporium sp. are fungi that cause leaf spot disease in coconut palms.

44. Rodents may also infest coconut palms as well as their intercrops.

45. Harvesting • In some parts of the world (Thailand and Malaysia), trained pig-tailed macaques are used to harvest coconuts. Training schools for pig-tailed macaques still exist both in southern Thailand, and in the Malaysian state of Kelantan. Competitions are held each year to find the fastest harvester.

46. One of the methods to harvest the coconuts is to make a long pole from bamboo pieces put together. At one end a sharp knife is attached to the bamboo pole so that the harvester is able to detach the coconut from the tree.

47. A man climbing a palm to harvest coconuts.

48. Copra sun drying Manual dehusking of coconuts

50. Opportunities • Coco-biodiesel, or CME (Coco Methyl Ester), is a type of biofuel derived from coconut oil.  It can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel, to run diesel engines. • CME emits less smoke and is almost sulfur free.  Its chemical signature and viscosity are well within acceptable limits for use in diesel engines as set by the U.S. National Biodiesel Board.