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LAr Detector R&D in Europe

LAr Detector R&D in Europe. A. Marchionni , ETHZ, Zurich NNN09 , Estes Park , Oct. 2009. Physics reasons for a large LAr TPC detector The ICARUS steps The GLACIER concept R&D items towards a large LAr TPC LAr vessels Readout devices and electronics Argon purity

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LAr Detector R&D in Europe

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  1. LAr Detector R&D in Europe A. Marchionni, ETHZ, Zurich NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 2009 • Physics reasons for a large LAr TPC detector • The ICARUS steps • The GLACIER concept • R&D items towards a large LAr TPC • LAr vessels • Readout devices and electronics • Argon purity • High voltage systems • Synergy with LAr Dark Matter experiments • Studies for a large magnetized LAr volume • How to get there? The R&D path • Conclusions Long Drifts Physics Performance NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  2. Why a 100 kton scale LAr detector? • Proton decay searches LAr MC: p → K+ ν 2 benchmark channels A. Rubbia Neutrino 08 10x efficiency than WC only way to reach 1035years • Long baseline neutrino oscillation • δCP and mass hierarchy sensitivities for different baselines in Europe • 1.6 MW WBB from CERN • 100 ktonLAr detector A. Rubbia WIN09 NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  3. The ICARUS steps 600 ton detector 2001- present: 300 ton detector tested on surface in Pavia. 600 ton detectorassembled at LNGS. NIM A 527 (2004) 329

  4. The GLACIER concept A. Rubbia hep-ph/0402110 Venice, Nov 2003 Giant Liquid Argon Charge Imaging ExpeRiment up to 100 kton • • Single module cryo-tank based on industrial LNG technology • Scalable detector with similar aspect ratio to standard LNG tanks • • Cylindricalshapewith excellent surface / volume ratio • • Simple, scalable detector design, possibly up to 100 kton • • Single very long vertical drift with full active mass • • A very large area LAr LEM-TPC for long drift paths • • Possibly immersed light readout for Cerenkov imaging • • Possibly immersed (high Tc) superconducting solenoid to • obtainmagnetized detector • • Reasonable excavation requirements (<250000 m3) up to Ø 70 m Drift length h =20 m max • Passive insulation heat loss ≈ 80kW@LAr • LEM+anode readoutwith 3mm readoutpitch, modular readout, strip length modulable, 2.5x106channels • Purity < 0.1 ppb (O2 equiv.) in nonevacuablevessel • Immersed HV Cockcroft-Walton for drift field (1 kV/cm) • Readoutelectronics (digital F/E withCAEN; cold preamp R&D ongoing; network data flow & time stamp distrib.) • WLS-coated 1000x 8” PMT and reflectors for DUV light detection European underground sites and tank issues under study in LAGUNA (FP7) Report in Summer 2010 NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  5. Technical issues for large LAr TPCs Readout devices and electronics Diffusion High Voltage systems Long Drift Argon Purity Detector engineering, safety, underground construction LAr vessel Argon Purification Cryogenic pumps NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  6. LNG storage tanks Many large LNG tanks in service Tokyo Gas • Underground storage of LNG • containment with a corrugated stainless steel / invar membrane Geostock • LArvs LNG (≥ 95% Methane) • Boiling points of LAr and CH4 are 87.3 and 111.6K • Latent heat of vaporization per unit volume is the same for both liquids within 5% passive insulation: foam glass/perlite Vessel volumes up to 200000 m3

  7. Ionization charge readout techniques in LAr single LAr phase, wire planes secondary scintillation from THGEM 1.5 mm thick C. Rubbia, CERN Report 77-8, May 1977 double phase Ar Large Electron Multiplier (THGEM) P.K. Lightfoot et al., JINST 4 (2009) P04002 Anode • Free e- drift in LAr towards liquid-vapour interface. • e- are extracted to the vapour via extraction grids (Eliq > 2.5 kV/cm). • e- undergo multiplication in double stage LEM. • Multiplied charge induces signals on the segmented electrodes of top LEM and anode. Fe55 double phase Ar LEM2 VTHGEM=2.2 kV LEM1 LAr level Fe55 Extraction Grids VTHGEM=10.2 kV single phase LAr A. Badertscher et al., arXiv:0811.3384 Cathode

  8. A Large Electron Multiplier LAr TPC ETHZ LEM 10 x 10 cm2 16 strips 6 mm wide • A novel kind of LAr TPC based on • operation in double phase Argon • amplification in pure GAr by 1 or more stages of Large Electron Multipliers (LEM) • extrapolated from GEM technology • Produced by standard Printed Circuit Board methods • Double-sided copper-clad (18 μm layer) FR4 plates • Precision holes (500μm) by drilling double-stage LEM A. Badertscher et al., arXiv:0907.2944 Maximum sensitive volume 10 x 10 x 30 cm3 Synergy with RD51 @ CERN Test setup @ CERN NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  9. Operation of a double-phase LEM LAr TPC Double stage 1.6 mm LEM, 23 kV/cm Secondary scintillation light, produced by electrons in high field regions in gas (extraction grid, LEM holes) Primary scintillation light due to muon crossing LAr, used as an unbiased trigger for the event Single stage 1.0 mm LEM, 36 kV/cm Determination of the electron lifetime using reconstructed muon tracks NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  10. Performance of a double-phase LEM LAr TPC Double stage 1.6 mm LEM 23 kV/cm 26 kV/cm 17% res. 16% res. Single stage 1.0 mm LEM Total charge collected on Anode and LEM electrode 36 kV/cm 12% res. NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  11. Development and R&D on readout electronics • Development of LAr TPC electronics for smallscaledevices • CAEN, in collaboration with ETHZ, developed A/D and DAQ system • 12 bit 2.5 MS/s flash ADCs + FPGA • R&D on electronics integrated on the detector C. Girerd et al., poster at European Strategy for Future Neutrino Physics, CERN, Oct. 09 • IPNL Lyon - 0.35μm CMOS charge amplifier working at cryogenic temperature • 1st version bench-tested in 2008 • new version with shaper optimization under development • to be tested on a LEM TPC setup 256 channels • selectable feedback capacitance (500 fF-1 pf) and resistor (2 – 10 MΩ) • selectable shaping times (0.5 – 4 μs range) ETHZ preamps ~11 mV/fC S/N =10 @ 1 fC, Ci=200 pF MIP ~10 fC/cm E. Bechetoille , H. Mathez, IPNL Lyon Proceedings of Wolte-08, June 2008 NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  12. Synergy with Dark Matter experiments ArDM (RE18): a ton-scale LAr detector with a 1 x 1 m2LEM readout WArP @ LNGS Reduction of Ar scintillation as a function of Oxygen/Nitrogen contaminants ETHZ, Zurich U., CIEMAT, U. Sheffield , Soltan Inst., Warsaw U., IFJ-Pan, U. Silesia • Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier immersed in LAr • 210 stages • max. voltage/stage 2kV J.Phys.Conf.Ser.39 (2006) 129 Light collection • cryogenics • purification system • safety WLS-coated PMTs in LAr JINST 4 (2009) P06001 NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09 arXiv:0804.1222, arXiv:0804.1217

  13. Status of the ArDM (RE18) experiment First LAr filling of the detector in May ’09, only light readout with 8 PMTs 1. cooling bath filled with LAr 2. filled with pure GAr, test of the light readout system 3. half filling of detector, first measurementwithimmersedPMTs 4. full filling of detector, data taking with internal and external sources 5. warming up Measurements with external sources 22Na with 511keV in the crystal • Next LAr filling is foreseen in January 2010 • all 14 PMTs assembled • implementation of the drift field using the Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier • first charge readout in double phase without amplification ~50 keVregion preliminary calibration gave 0.5 phe/keVee NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  14. ArgonTube @ Bern University multi-photon LArionization by UV laser light • Full scale measurement of 5 m drift • signal attenuation, charge diffusion JINST 4 (2009) P07011 quartz window pulsed ultraviolet Nd-YAG laser 4th harmonic, 4.66 eV Calibration and monitoring of large LAr masses Q1 • uniformity of drift field and drift velocity • lifetime determination • Infrastructure ready • External dewar delivered • Detector vessel, inner detector in procurement phase Q2

  15. R&D on a magnetized LAr A. Ereditato, and A. Rubbia, Nucl Phys B (Proc Suppl) 155 (2006) 233 • superconducting solenoid immersed in LAr • LHe or HTS superconductor? • B parallel to E • low field (B=0.1 T) to measure μ charge • strong field (B=1 T) to to measure ‘e’ charge • need to monitor market of HTS cables First operation of a LAr TPC in a magnetic field @ ETHZ NIM A 555 (2005) 294

  16. First tests with HTS cables in LAr Th. Strauss, Diploma thesis, ETH Zurich , 2006 LN2 (77 K) LAr (87 K) BSCCO: HTS wire from American Superconductor Corporation Cable type: Hermetic Wire, width = 4 mm, thickness = 0.4 mm Critical temperature: 110 K Test of a small solenoid LN2 (77 K) LAr (87 K) B=0.2 T at 145 A B=0.11 T at 80 A NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  17. GLACIER Roadmap 3 lt @ CERN, 10 lt @ KEK ArgonTube@ Bern 250 lt @ KEK ArDM (RE18) @ CERN small test setups for readout devices, electronics 5 m drift under procurement detector construction 2009 e/γ test beam ν beam @ JPARC 1 ton LAr, Cockroft-Walton, LAr recirculation and purification, industrial electronics, safety, optimized for dark matter searches, in operation 10 m long drift test in design phase 10 m 12 m 6 m3 @ CERN (?) 1 kton to be proposed in 2010 for test beams in NA full engineering demonstrator for larger detectors + physics construction 2012-2016 30 m3 @ KEK NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  18. Test beam exposure of a Liquid Argon TPC Detector at the CERN SPS North Area Abstract #82 D.Autieroa, A. Badertscherb, G. Barkerc, Y. Declaisa, A. Ereditatod, S.Gninenkoe, T. Hasegawaf, S. Horikawab, J. Kisielg, T. Kobayashif, A.Marchionnib, T. Maruyamaf, V. Matveeve, A. Meregagliah, J.Marteaua, K. Nishikawaf, A. Rubbiab, N. Spooneri, M. Tanakaf, C.Touramanisj, D. Warkk,l, A. Zalewskam, M. Ziton (a) IPN Lyon (b) ETH Zurich (c) University of Warwick (d) Bern University (e) INR, Moscow (f) KEK/IPNS (g) University of Silesia (Katowice) (h) IPHC Strasbourg (i) University of Sheffield (j) University of Liverpool (k) Imperial College (l) RAL (m) IFJ-PAN, Krakow (n) CEA/SACLAY • Electron, neutral pion, charged pion, muon reconstruction • Electron/π0 separation • Calorimetry • Hadronic secondary interactions • [+ purity tests in non-evacuated vessel, cold readout electronics, DAQ development, ...] to be proposed in 2010 presented by A. Rubbia at New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN, May 2009 NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  19. Why a 1 kton intermediate step? A 1 kton-scale device is the appropriate choice for a full engineering prototype of a 100 kton detector • the largest possible detector as to minimize the extrapolation to 100 kton • the smallest detector to minimize construction timescale and costs • all tank and LAr purification issues addressed • only a factor 2 extrapolation in drift length • volume scaling by increasing the diameter not critical • if built underground would address installation/safety issues 10 m 12 m If fully instrumented plenty of physics output • on a neutrino beam: precision cross section measurements (MA,…), e/π0 separation, … • as a near detector of a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment • in an underground location study of backgrounds for proton decay/astrophysical neutrinos A. Rubbia, J.Phys.Conf.Ser.171:012020,2009 NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  20. Conclusions • The synergy between precise detectors for long neutrino baseline experiments,proton decay and astrophysical neutrinos detectors is essential for a realistic proposal of a 100 ktonLAr detector • discoveryphysics, not onlyprecisionmeasurements • this detector could use a new neutrino beamfrom CERN (large choice of underground facilitiesatdifferentbaselines, beingstudied by LAGUNA) • Concrete R&D for a ~100 ktonLAr detector isongoing • veryencouragingresultsfrom a double-phase LAr TPC with charge amplification in the gas phase • soonexpectedoperation of a Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier immersed in LAr in the ArDM experiment • Good coordination withLAr R&D activitiesat KEK • InterestfromseveralEuropean groups for a test beam exposure of a LAr TPC Detector at the CERN SPS North Area • Within the GLACIER program, the aimis to propose a 1 kton detector within 2012 NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  21. Comparison Water - liquid Argon • LAr allows lower thresholds than Water Cerenkov for most particles • Comparable performance for low energy electrons NNN09, Estes Park, Oct. 09

  22. A first study of an underground LAr storage tank Full containment tank consisting of an inner and an outer tank made from stainless steel Tanks construction: 6 mm thick at the base, sides ranging from 48 mm thick at the bottom to 8 mm thick at the top One thousand 1 m high support pillars arranged on a 2 m grid 1.2 m thick side insulation consisting of a resilient layer and perlite fill A feasibility study mandated to Technodyne Ltd (UK): Feb-Dec 2004 Estimated boil-off 0.04%/day

  23. Can we drift over over long distances? • HV feedthrough tested by ICARUS up to 150 kV (E=1kV/cm in T600) • vdrift= 2 mm/s @ 1kV/cm • Diffusion of electrons: d=1.4 mm for t=2 ms (4 m @ 1 kV/cm) d=3.1 mm for t=10 ms (20 m @ 1 kV/cm) T=89 K Electron lifetime • to drift over macroscopic distances, LAr must be very pure • a concentration of 0.1 ppb Oxygen equivalent gives an electron lifetime of 3 ms • for a 20 m drift and >30% collected signal, an electron lifetime of at least 10 ms is needed 30 ms 20 ms 15 ms 10 ms Vdrift=2.0 mm/s 5 ms

  24. Double stage LEM with Anode readout Signal collection plane Bottom LEM 10 x 10 cm2 16 strips 6 mm wide Anode Top LEM 500 MΩ 1 nF • Produced by standard Printed Circuit Board methods • Double-sided copper-clad (18 μm layer) FR4 plates • Precision holes by drilling • Gold deposition on Cu (<~ 1 μm layer) to avoid oxidization • Single LEM Thickness: 1.55 mm • Amplification hole diameter = 500 µm • Distance between centers of neighboring holes = 800 µm 10 x 10 cm2 16 strips 6 mm wide

  25. Anode LAr LEM-TPC: principle of operation 1.3 kV/cm up to 30 kV/cm LEM 2 1 kV/cm up to 30 kV/cm LEM 1 1 kV/cm 5.7 kV/cm LAr level 3.8 kV/cm Grids Electric field in the LEM region ~ 25 kV/cm Drift Field ~0.9 kV/cm LEM 2 Gain=GLEM1•GLEM2=G2=e2αx x: effective LEM hole length (~0.8 mm) α: 1st Townsend coefficient≈Aρe-Bρ/E Typical Electric Fields for double-phase operation of 1.6 mm thick LEM LEM 1

  26. Measured values 4 different shaping constants Preamplifier development 2 channels on one hybrid Custom-made front-end charge preamp + shaper Inspired from C. Boiano et al. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 52(2004)1931 • ICARUS electronics • (τf=1.6 μs) • S/N=10 @ 2 fC, Ci=350 pF • equivalent to S/N=7 @ 1 fC, Ci=200 pF

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