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Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Organic Chemistry. The study of carbon compounds. Urea. Carbon’s versatility. Forms 4 covalent bonds. Molecular shape is tetrahedral. Bonds easily to itself. Major Elements Of Organic Molecules. Carbon: +4 or -4 Hydrogen: +1

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Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

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  1. Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

  2. Organic Chemistry • The study of carbon compounds. Urea

  3. Carbon’s versatility • Forms 4 covalent bonds. • Molecular shape is tetrahedral. • Bonds easily to itself.

  4. Major Elements Of Organic Molecules • Carbon: +4 or -4 • Hydrogen: +1 • Oxygen: -2 • Nitrogen: -3

  5. The valences are the “rules” for building organic molecules.

  6. Hydrocarbons • Organic molecules made of only carbon and hydrogen.

  7. Examples

  8. Isomers • Compounds with the same molecular formula but have different structures. • Result: Different molecular and chemical properties.

  9. Types Of Isomers • Structural • Geometric • Enantiomers

  10. Structural Isomers • Different in covalent arrangements of their atoms. Butane Isobutane

  11. Geometric Isomers • Same covalent partnership but differ in spatial arrangements. • Arise from the inflexibility of double bonds.

  12. Enantiomers • Molecules that are mirror images of each other. • Usually involve an asymmetric carbon.

  13. Comment • Organisms are sensitive to even the most subtle variations in molecular architecture.

  14. Example - Thalidomide • Cells can distinguish between two isomers. • One is an effective drug. • The other causes birth defects.

  15. Functional Groups • A group of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton. • Have consistent properties. • Their number and kind give properties to the molecule.

  16. Importance of Functional Groups

  17. What to focus on: • Structure of the functional group • Properties of the functional group • Examples of molecules with the functional group

  18. Aldehydes • A carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton. Ex. - C=O | H • Sometimes written as - CHO

  19. Ketones • A carbonyl group in the middle of a carbon chain. Ex. -C-C-C- || 0

  20. Carboxylic Acids • Donate H+ (acid). • Form many weak organic acids.

  21. Summary • Be able to recognize isomers. • Know the seven functional groups and what properties they give to molecules.

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