Colegio de la Frontera Norte April 21-23, 2010 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico

1. XV Regional Conference on Migration (RCM) Regional Seminar on Migration and Family Youth Deported from the United States to Guatemala: Vulnerabilities from a Perspective of Human Security Dr. Jacobo Dardón Researcher Colegio de la Frontera Norte April 21-23, 2010 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico

2. Contents of the Presentation: • Conceptual framework on human security with a focus on risk during migration • Results • Conclusions and recommendations • Data: Data from the qualitative study (interviews held in 2009-10) about human security Interviews to deported persons at the airport: 50 interviews Interviews to deported persons in their communities: 10 life stories Interviews to Central American migrants in Guatemala: 10 interviews Data of persons deported from the United States to Guatemala: II Semester 2004 EMIFGUAMEX: 794 interviews II Semester 2008 EMIFSUR: 1,158 interviews And data from the General Directorate of Immigration of Guatemala 2004-2009.

3. HUMAN SECURITY (UNDP, 1994) • Freedom from fear • Freedom from want • A universal matter. • Its components are interdependent. • The simplest way to ensure it is through prevention, rather than through intervention. • Focuses on persons and how they live in society, exercise their multiple choices, access the market and social opportunities, and live in an environment of conflict or in peace. Sabina Alkire (2004)

4. Threats to Human Security: 1. Economic:Considers the need for minimum income, as well as unemployment (especially among youth), precarious work, increasing poverty, and economic crises. 2. Food: Recognizing that the problem does not lie in the lack of food, the report underscores the poor distribution of food. 3. Health: Reflects the existence of insecure areas with no access to drinking water in a relevant manner. In industrialized countries the emphasis is on traffic accidents and cancer. 4. Environmental: Considers the degradation processes of local and global ecosystems. 5. Personal: Considers security in view of physical violence, either from the State (torture), from other States (war), from other groups of persons (ethnic or community tensions), from other individuals (street violence and crime), or oriented toward women (rape, domestic violence), children (abuse), or against oneself (suicide, drug addiction). 6. Community: Based on the role of family, organizations, and ethnic and racial groups in regard to security. In addition, inter-ethnic fights and actions relating to situations of ethnic cleansing. 7. Political: Considers basic human rights of citizens of a State and factors which hinder compliance with rights (political repression by the State, systematic torture, missing persons, etc.) Sabina Alkire (2004)

5. Risk: Threat x Vulnerability Riskis a contingency or proximity of harm to migrants or migration flows (understood as moving populations) Threatis the probability of the occurrence of a harmful event, the event being external to the migrant or migration flow. It can be natural (hurricane, earthquake, etc.), anthropogenic (caused by humans) a spill of a toxic substance, or a crime. Structural, when historic conditions of lack of governance exist relating to sustained conditions of exclusion, discrimination, and poverty of wide population strata. Crimeis a type of anthropogenic threat which relates, in its most direct form, causing harm to life (homicide), physical integrity (aggression, rape, kidnapping –extortion- and trafficking in persons) or property (theft, robbery, fraud, bribe, subornation). Vulnerability refers to the conditions of migrants or migration flows which expose individuals or flows to threats. Therefore, it is an inherent condition to migrants or migration flows. Héctor Rosada-Granados (2008); PNUD (2009).

8. A significant increase in the percentage of young persons between the ages of 18 - 30 years, out of the total number. The number of women decreased, compared with 2004.

10. An increase in the number of persons arrested while crossing the border. More detentions on US territory of persons with a short stay. A significant increase in detentions of persons with longer stays.

11. An increase in the number of persons who stayed less than a month. The trend remains similar for persons who stayed more than 2 years.

12. Regarding persons who stayed less than a month, the trend is a decrease in the group of young heads of family. Regarding persons who stayed more than 2 years, the trend is similar.

13. For persons who stayed less than a month, young adults tend to improve their reading and writing skills. This is associated to better economic strata.

14. For persons who stayed more than 2 years, a significant decrease exists in the place of residence – USA, for both age groups.

20. Conclusions: • Trends in 2004-2008: • Significant changes in the total number of deported persons, with a mode in 2008. In addition, an increase in participation of young people between the ages of 18 - 30 years (two thirds). • A change regarding gender: A general trend to increase deportation of women; regarding the age group, a trend to deport more men than women. • An increase in detentions of persons while crossing the river or border. The increase of detentions at the workplace and at the airport is noteworthy. • A significant increase in detentions on US territory. • A significant increase in detentions of persons who stayed for less than a month.

21. A hypothetical increase in the trend of migration of young adults with a higher socio-economic level. • Hypothetically, persons in irregular situations living in the US have intensified legal actions to protect themselves. • Relevant threats include: The crisis, threat to life and to property. • Relevant vulnerabilities include: Economic impacts and absence of public policy for post-deportation problems. Loss of property. • Structural conditions of origin (threats and vulnerabilities), the trend to intensify family strategies in families (González de la Rocha, 2006), institutional and social networks, relative deprivation or the American Dream apprehended from the success of migration, and trans-national families will continue driving international migration, despite growing risk and increasing control and restriction actions.

22. Youth, Risk, and Human Security: Deported young persons are more afraid and have more needs than before migrating… (hyper-vulnerability in hopelessness) The Era of Wrath Guayasamin, 1964-1990

23. RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING A MIGRATION POLICY FOR THE • REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON MIGRATION • To include the topic of returned migrants in the policy agenda (development and migration), and not only the administrative process. • To provide programs for support, self-esteem building, and assistance to address post-traumatic stress, particularly for young deported women. • To carry out assessments and to monitor the reception and reintegration process of unaccompanied deported boys, girls, and adolescents. • To promote programs for compensation of debts and protection of mortgages. • To promote programs to advise deported persons who are residents in the country of destination and to manage the return (Best Interest of the Child and Family Reunification). • The rapid changes in the profile and dynamics of migration flows require an ongoing process of reviewing and updating decisions and definitions relating to migration policies.

24. Bibliography: Alkire, Sabina (2004) cited by Morillas Bassedas, Pol (2006). Conceptos y evolución de la expresión de la seguridad humana. In: Seguridad humana: conceptos, experiencias y propuestas. REVISTA CIDOB D’AFERS INTERNACIONALS. No. 76. Pp: 47-58 González de la Rocha, Mercedes, Coord. (2006). Procesos domésticos y vulnerabilidad: Perspectivas antropológicas de los hogares con Oportunidades. Publicaciones la Casa Chata. Mexico. Pp: 480 Rosada-Granados, Héctor (2008). La prevención del delito en el Triángulo Norte de Centroamérica. Central American Forum, November 17 – 18, 2008. Antigua Guatemala. UNDP, EU, PAIRCA, SICA. Guatemala. Pp: 73 UNDP (2009). Abrir espacios a la seguridad ciudadana y el desarrollo humano. Human Development Report for Central America 2009-2010. UNDP, AECI, EU, PAIRCA, SICA. Colombia. Pp: 474