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1. How to Use This Presentation How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show”, or simply press F5 on the top row of your keyboard. • To advance to the next slide click the left mouse button once. • From the Chapter screen you can click on any section to go directly to that section’s presentation. • Blank or “missing” areas of a slide will remain hidden until the left mouse button is clicked. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank CNN Videos Visual Concepts

3. Reproduction and Development Chapter 26 Table of Contents Section 1 Animal Reproduction Section 2 Human Reproduction Section 3 Growth and Development

4. Chapter 26 Section1 Animal Reproduction Bellringer • Do you know how birds, ants, humans, and sea stars reproduce? Write down any differences that you are aware of in how these animals reproduce. • Write your answers in your science journal.

5. Chapter 26 Section1 Animal Reproduction Objectives • Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. • Explain the difference between external and internal fertilization. • Identify the three different types of mammalian reproduction.

6. Chapter 26 Section1 Animal Reproduction Asexual Reproduction • In asexual reproduction, a single parent has offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. • Budding, fragmentation, and regeneration are all ways in which a parent organism can produce genetically identical offspring.

7. Chapter 26 Section1 Animal Reproduction Sexual Reproduction • In sexual reproduction, offspring are formed when genetic information from more than one parent combines. • Sexual reproduction in animals usually requires two parents—a male and a female. • The female parent produces sex cells called eggs. The male parent produces sex cells called sperm.

8. Chapter 26 Section1 Animal Reproduction Sexual Reproduction, continued

9. Chapter 26 Section1 Animal Reproduction Internal and External Fertilization • External Fertilizationis the process when the sperm fertilizes the eggs outside the female’s body. • Internal Fertilization is the process when the egg and sperm join inside the female’s body.

10. Section1 Animal Reproduction Chapter 26 Mammals • Monotremesare mammals that lay eggs. • Marsupials are mammals that give birth to partially developed live young. Most marsupials have pouches where their young continue to develop after birth. • Placental Mammalsare nourished inside their mother’s body before birth.

11. Chapter 26 Section2 Human Reproduction Bellringer • You may have heard of cloning in recent news stories. Do you think that cloning human beings could be considered as a kind of reproduction? Why or why not? What kind of reproduction is it? • Record your answers in your science journal.

12. Chapter 26 Section2 Human Reproduction Objectives • Identifythe structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. • Describe two reproductive system problems.

13. Chapter 26 Section2 Human Reproduction The Male Reproductive System • The male reproductive system produces sperm and delivers it to the female reproductive system. • The testes are a pair of organs that make sperm and testosterone. • Testosterone is the main male sex hormone. It helps regulate the production of sperm and the development of male characteristics.

14. Chapter 26 Section2 Human Reproduction

15. Section2 Human Reproduction Chapter 26 The Female Reproductive System • The female reproductive system produces eggs, nurtures fertilized eggs (zygotes), and gives birth. • The two ovaries are the organs that make eggs. • Ovaries also release estrogen and progesterone, the main female sex hormones. These hormones regulate the release of eggs and development of female characteristics.

16. Chapter 26 Section2 Human Reproduction

17. Section2 Human Reproduction Chapter 26 The Female Reproductive System, continued • The Egg’s JourneyDuring ovulation, an egg is released from an ovary and passes into a fallopian tube. If the egg is fertilized, the resulting zygote enters the uterus. • When a baby is born, he or she passes through the vagina and emerges outside the body. • The menstrual cycleis a series of monthly changes that prepares the body for pregnancy.

18. Section2 Human Reproduction Chapter 26 Menstrual Cycle and Uterine Lining Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

19. Chapter 26 Section2 Human Reproduction Multiple Births • Twins, Triplets, Quadruplets, and More In every 1,000 births, there are about 30 sets of twins. In the United States, there are about two sets of triplets in every 1,000 births. Births of quintuplets or more happen only once in about 53,000 births.

20. Section2 Human Reproduction Chapter 26 Reproductive System Problems • STDsA sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease that can pass from one person to another during sexual contact.

21. Section2 Human Reproduction Chapter 26 Reproductive System Problems, continued • CancerSometimes, cancer happens in reproductive organs. Cancer is a disease in which cells grow at an uncontrolled rate. • InfertilityIn the United States, about 15% of married couples have difficulty producing offspring. Many of these couples are infertile, or unable to have children.

22. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development Bellringer • Name the stages of physical development that you have passed through thus far in your life. Remember that your growth and development began while you were still in the uterus. • Record your thoughts in your science journal.

23. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development Objectives • Summarize the processes of fertilization and implantation. • Describethe development of the embryo and the fetus. • Identify the stages of human development from birth to death.

24. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development From Fertilization to Embryo • A fertilized egg (zygote) travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus. Eleven to 12 days after fertilization, the zygote has become a tiny ball of cells called an embryo. The embryo implants itself in the uterus.

25. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development From Embryo to Fetus • The placenta is a special two-way exchange organ. It has a network of blood vessels that provides the embryo with oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood. Wastes produced by the embryo are removed in the placenta.

26. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development From Embryo to Fetus, continued • Weeks 1 and 2Doctors commonly count the time of a woman’s pregnancy as starting from the first day of her last menstrual period. • Weeks 3 and 4In week 3, after fertilization, the zygote moves to the uterus. As the zygote travels, it divides many times. At the end of week 4, implantation is complete and the woman is pregnant.

27. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development From Embryo to Fetus, continued • Weeks 5 to 8In this stage, the embryo becomes surrounded by a thin membrane called the amnion. The umbilical cord forms. The heart, brain, other organs, and blood vessels start to form. • Weeks 9 to 16At week 9, the fetus may begin to make tiny movements. After week 10, the embryo is called a fetus. The fetus grows rapidly during this stage.

28. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development From Embryo to Fetus, continued • Weeks 17 to 24By week 17, the fetus can make faces. By week 23, the fetus’s movements may be quite vigorous! • Weeks 25 to 36At about 25 or 26 weeks, the fetus’s lungs are well developed. By the 32nd week, the fetus’s eyes are open and perceive light through the mother’s abdominal wall.

29. Section3 Growth and Development Chapter 26 Pregnancy Overview Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

30. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development Birth • A full-term pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks. Typically, as birth begins, the mother’s uterus begins a series of muscular contractions called labor.Usually, these contractions push the fetus through the mother’s vagina, and the baby is born.

31. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development From Birth to Death • Infancy to Childhood Generally, infancy is the stage from birth to age 2. Childhood—another period of fast growth—lasts from age 2 to puberty. • AdolescenceThe stage from puberty to adulthood is adolescence. During puberty, a person’s reproductive system becomes mature.

32. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development From Birth to Death, continued • AdulthoodFrom about age 20 to age 40, you will be a young adult. Beginning around age 30, changes associated with aging begin. • The aging process continues in middle age (between 40 and 65 years old). A person who is more than 65 years old is considered an older adult.

33. Chapter 26 Section3 Growth and Development

34. Chapter 26 Reproduction and Development Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

35. Chapter 26 Concept Map

36. Chapter 26 Concept Map

37. End of Chapter 26 Show

38. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

39. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 Passage 1 The male reproductive system is made up of internal and external organs. The external organs of this system are the penis and the scrotum. The scrotum is a skin-covered sac that hangs outside the body. Normal human body temperature is about 37°C. Normal sperm production and development cannot take place at that temperature. Continued on the next slide

40. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 Passage 1, continued Normal sperm production and development takes place at lower temperatures. That is why the testes rest in the scrotum, outside the body. The scrotum is about 2°C cooler than the body. Inside each testis are masses of tightly coiled tubes, called seminiferous tubules, in which sperm are produced when conditions are right.

41. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 1.In this passage, what does the word external mean? A not part of the body B outside the body C inside the body D lasting a long time

42. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 1.In this passage, what does the word external mean? A not part of the body B outside the body C inside the body D lasting a long time

43. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 2. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? F The temperature in the scrotum is higher than body temperature. G Testes are internal organs of the male reproductive system. H Normal sperm production cannot take place at normal body temperature. I Normal human body temperature is about 37°F.

44. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 2. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? F The temperature in the scrotum is higher than body temperature. G Testes are internal organs of the male reproductive system. H Normal sperm production cannot take place at normal body temperature. I Normal human body temperature is about 37°F.

45. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 3. What are the tubes in which sperm are made called? A testes B scrotum C seminiferous tubules D external organs

46. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 3. What are the tubes in which sperm are made called? A testes B scrotum C seminiferous tubules D external organs

47. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 Passage 2In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg travels to the uterus and implants itself in the uterus’s wall. But, in about 7 out of 1,000 pregnancies in the United States, a woman has an ectopic pregnancy. The term ectopic is from two Greek words meaning “out of place.” In an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants itself in an ovary, a fallopian tube, or another area of the female reproductive system that is not the lining of the uterus. Continued on the next slide

48. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 Passage 2, continuedBecause the zygote cannot develop properly outside of the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy can be very dangerous for both the mother and zygote. As the zygote grows, it causes the mother pain and bleeding. For example, an ectopic pregnancy in a fallopian tube can rupture the tube and cause abdominal bleeding. If an ectopic pregnancy is not treated quickly enough, the mother may die.

49. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 1.In the passage, what does the term ectopic pregnancy probably mean? A a pregnancy that takes place at the wrong time B a type of pregnancy that happens about 7 out of 100 times in the United States C a type of pregnancy caused by a problem with a fallopian tube D a pregnancy in which the zygote implants itself in the wrong place

50. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 26 1.In the passage, what does the term ectopic pregnancy probably mean? A a pregnancy that takes place at the wrong time B a type of pregnancy that happens about 7 out of 100 times in the United States C a type of pregnancy caused by a problem with a fallopian tube D a pregnancy in which the zygote implants itself in the wrong place