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Biodiesel

Biodiesel. Tim McLenegan Tim Whitacre Logan Kinde Ryan Gleim Jesse Ralston Eric Amendt Nick Layshot November 12, 2004 AD. A Little History. Invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1892 Increased efficiency over Steam Engines at 75% Original Biodiesel engine Ran on Peanut Oil

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Biodiesel

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  1. Biodiesel Tim McLenegan Tim Whitacre Logan Kinde Ryan Gleim Jesse Ralston Eric Amendt Nick Layshot November 12, 2004 AD

  2. A Little History • Invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1892 • Increased efficiency over Steam Engines at 75% • Original Biodiesel engine • Ran on Peanut Oil • 1920’s Diesels altered to accept fossil fuels

  3. How it works • Diesel Engines run on thicker fuel • Uses compression to ignite fuel and air • Non-renewable fossil fuel normally used

  4. How It Works • Biodiesel • Renewable • Environmentally Friendly • biodegradable • fewer emissions • Reduce Dependency on Foreign Oil • Little to no engine modifications required

  5. How It Works • Refined from plant oils or animal fats • crops such as soybean, rapeseed, canola, palm, cottonseed, sunflower, and peanut • Unrefined oils may also be used • Ex. pure vegetable oil • May require significant engine modifications • Most oil undergoes a series of chemical reactions to become fuel

  6. It Runs On Soybean Fuel • Many different Fuels Available

  7. Affects on Engines • increased engine life • acts as a solvent • loosen deposits • contributes to an engine's lubricity • safer • non-toxic • burns at a higher temperature • Reduced emissions • increase in NOx emissions

  8. Emissions

  9. Biodiesel Emissions • Biodiesel is only alternative fuel to have its emissions results submitted to EPA • EPA did extensive research on biodiesel • Tested with varying proportions of biodiesel and petroleum diesel • Only tested heavy-duty highway engines (trucks, buses) • For all major pollutants, biodiesel is significantly cleaner than petrol. Diesel • NOx is an exception: saw increase in emissions

  10. Biodiesel Emissions Regulated by EPA Average emissions by heavy-duty highway engines B100 = 100% biodiesel B20 = 20% bio, 80% petroleum diesel

  11. Biodiesel Emissions

  12. Biodiesel Emissions • For some engine/fuel combinations, NOx emissions actually decreased • No consistent set of characteristics explain why this was the case • Ways to reduce NOx emissions • For B20 fuels, use a petroleum diesel with lower aromatic content can break even • Treating diesel to get a higher cetane number can decrease NOx emissions (but raise cost of fuel)

  13. Real World Examples

  14. Biodiesel Truck in Yellowstone • Unaltered diesel pickup fueled by 100 percent rapeseed ethyl ester • Truck driven over 92,600 miles without any major fuel related problems • 16.3 mpg average, or 1 mile per gallon less than diesel fuel Source: http://www.nps.gov/renew/yellbio.htm

  15. Biodiesel Truck in Yellowstone • Worried that french fry smell would attract bears • Biodiesel is no more attractive to bears than diesel fuel • Carbon monoxide (CO), total unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) were reduced by increasing the percentage of biodiesel • Two winters showed that normal cold-weather diesel modifications were sufficient to enable use of biodiesel in cold weather

  16. U.S. Navy • Process Navy’s used cooking oil into biodiesel • Will use B20 • 20% biodiesel 80% traditional diesel • If successful, they will create small biodiesel facilities for use overseas Source: http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/backgrounder.PDF

  17. Berkley Curbside Recycling • 10 truck fleet • 33,000 pound diesel engine trucks • "All day, I smell french fries, which smell much better than diesel fumes." "The trucks run smoothly and have more power.” -Dave Williamson, Recycling Operations Manager Source: http://www.ecologycenter.org/recycling/biodiesel.html

  18. Veggie Van • Traveled 25,000 miles across the US during 1997 and 1998 • Powered on 100% biodiesel • No modifications made to the diesel engine Source: http://biodieselamerica.org/biosite/index.php?id=3,0,0,1,0,0

  19. Residential Use (One Example) • 1989 VW Jetta • Uses biodiesel fuel made with recycled restaurant waste oil • Made error that many new Biodiesel users make • Need to change fuel filter twice in first 2000 miles Biodiesel is a solvent and cleans out buildup in the engine

  20. Biodiesel Sources

  21. Raw Materials for Production • Inputs • Vegetable/Animal Fat Oil (Triglyceride) • Alcohol • Methanol (used most often) • Ethanol • Catalyst • Sodium Hydroxide (Lye) • Potassium Hydroxide • Outputs • Biodiesel • GlycerolNote: 20% Alcohol can be extracted to be used again

  22. Raw Materials (Triglyceride) • Harvested Vegetable Oils • Rapeseed Oil (Canola) • Sunflower Oil • Palm Oil • Soybean Oil • Corn Oil

  23. Raw Materials (Triglyceride)Cont. • High-Oil Algae Research • Used Oils • Fast Food Oils • Restaurant Oils • Animal Fats

  24. Rapeseed (Canola) Oil • Well adapted to temperate regions • Cool temperatures promote growth • Can tolerate high temperatures • Wide range of soils • Requires less fertilizer than soybeans • Commonly produced in Europe

  25. Soybean Oil • Most common source for Biodiesel in USA • High demand among US farmers • Increased production will lower costs • Decrease dependence on foreign energy • High lubricity extends equipment life • Iowa, Indiana, and Wisconsin

  26. High-Oil Algae • Current research suggests high yields • Extremely fast growth rates • Over 50% of biomass can be oil • Capable of producing enough Biodiesel to replaced petroleum used for transportation in the United States http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html

  27. Biodiesel Production • The process of making biodiesel • Efficiencies of the process • By-products • Raw material costs • Process costs • Price estimate at the pump

  28. Transesterification • The most economical of three different ways to make biodiesel. • Separates out the glycerin in the natural fat or oil. • No waste products!!!

  29. The Biodiesel Process

  30. Efficiency of the process

  31. By-Products • Glycerin • Can be refined further for use in soap products • Alcohol • Used again by the biodiesel process • Fertilizer • Used by agriculture

  32. Raw Material Costs • Alcohol - $0.55 a gallon for Methanol • Catalyst - $0.03 per gallon of biodiesel • Feedstock for oil • Existing crops (Soybean, Rapeseed, etc.) • $0.13 to $0.35 per pound • 7.5 pounds per gallon of oil • $0.97 to $2.63 per gallon of oil • Algae - $0.33 per gallon of oil

  33. Process Costs • What costs are there? • Capital costs • Operating costs • Electricity, Steam, Water • Maintenance • Insurance • Sales and Administration • Total processing cost • Anywhere from $0.30 to $1.00 per gallon • Don’t forget by-products!!! ($0.20 to $0.50 per gallon)

  34. The Complete Story • Total Production Cost per gallon • Before taxes • Low end with algae = $0.90 • Low end with existing crops= $1.50 • High end = $3.11 • With taxes • California has a 40.2 cent tax on gas • Possibly lower taxes on biodiesel? • Note that this does not include profit

  35. Cost of Infrastructure • Algal ponds • Construction - $80,000 per hectare • SLO needs 3,185 hectares = $254.8 million • This is only 12 square miles of land!!! • Maintenance - $12,000 per hectare per year • Processing plants • $15 million for a 30 million gal/yr plant • SLO would need 4 plants = $60 million

  36. Sustainable Transportation • Fuel use in USA per year • 60 billion gallons diesel • 120 billion gallons gasoline • Fuel efficiencies • Diesel is 40% more efficient than gasoline • Biodiesel is 2% less efficient than diesel • Conservative Assumption • Diesel is 35% more efficient than gasoline

  37. Sustainable Transportation • Required Biodiesel for USA • Replace Gas with diesel • 60 + 0.65(120) = 138 Billion Gallons Diesel / year • Replace diesel with Biodiesel • 138(1.02) = 140.8 Billion Gallons Biodiesel / year

  38. Sustainable Transportation inSan Luis Obispo County • Required Biodiesel for SLO= (Biodiesel for USA) * (pop SLO/pop USA)= 140.8 * (250,000 / 294,730,000)≈ 120,000,000

  39. Projected Biodiesel Consumption in San Luis Obispo County (Transportation)

  40. Land Requirement:San Luis Obispo County • Consider Waste Oil Produced • USA (2000) • 2,905,982,575 gallons/year • San Luis Obispo (2000)= (USA waste oil) * (250,000/294,730,000)= 2,464,876

  41. Land Requirement:San Luis Obispo County • Assumptions (using National Trend) • 2003 • 120 million gallons Biodiesel required / year • 2.5 million gallons waste oil produced / year • 1:1 ratio between oil and Biodiesel • 2050 • 182 million gallons Biodiesel required / year • 4.93 million gallons waste oil produced / year • 1:1 ratio between oil and Biodiesel

  42. Land Requirement:San Luis Obispo County

  43. Land Requirement:San Luis Obispo County • Assumptions (using Population) • 2003 • 120 million gallons Biodiesel required / year • 2.5 million gallons waste oil produced / year • 1:1 ratio between oil and Biodiesel • 2050 • 250 million gallons Biodiesel required / year • 4.93 million gallons waste oil produced / year • 1:1 ratio between oil and Biodiesel

  44. Average Consumer sourcesfor Biodiesel • Gas Stations • Fuel Companies

  45. The Economic Impact Analysis • Increase Local Revenue • More Jobs • Cheaper Fuel

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