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Intro 2

Chapter Objectives. Section 1: Origins of the Cold War. Explain the growing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. . Identify the goals of Stalin’s foreign policy immediately after the war.

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Intro 2

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  1. Chapter Objectives Section 1: Origins of the Cold War • Explain the growing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.  • Identify the goals of Stalin’s foreign policy immediately after the war. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 2

  2. Chapter Objectives Section 2: The Early Cold War Years • Describe the American view of the Soviet Union and the policy of containment.  • Explain the causes of the Korean War. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 3

  3. Chapter Objectives Section 3: The Cold War and American Society • Describe the new Red Scare.  • Discuss how American society reflected fears of the nuclear age. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 4

  4. Chapter Objectives Section 4: Eisenhower’s Policies • Evaluate Eisenhower’s military policy known as the “New Look.”  • Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s foreign policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 5

  5. Why It Matters After World War II, an intense rivalry developed between the United States and the Soviet Union–two superpowers with very different political and economic systems. This rivalry, known as the Cold War, led to a massive buildup of military weapons on both sides. The determination of American leaders to contain communism also led to the Korean War, in which over 54,000 Americans died. Intro 6

  6. The Impact Today The effects of Cold War events are still evident today.  • The NATO alliance works to guarantee the security of many democratic countries.  • The math and science training important to the space race remains an educational priority. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 7

  7. continued on next slide Intro 8

  8. Intro 9

  9. End of Intro

  10. Guide to Reading Main Idea The detonation of the atomic bomb and the end of World War II led to disagreements among the “Big Three” wartime Allies and a shift in American attitudes toward the Soviet Union.  Key Terms and Names • Cold War  • Potsdam  • satellite nation  • iron curtain Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-1

  11. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Categorizing As you read about the origins of the Cold War, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 778 in your textbook by filling in the names of the conferences held among the “Big Three” Allies and the outcomes of each.  Reading Objectives • Explain the growing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.  • Identify the goals of Stalin’s foreign policy immediately after the war. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-2

  12. Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Global Connections As World War II was ending, the United States and the Soviet Union began to negotiate to influence the shape of the postwar world. Section 1-3

  13. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 1-4

  14. A Clash of Interests • After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union became increasingly hostile, leading to an era of confrontation and competition that lasted from about 1946 to 1990 known as the Cold War. (pages 778–779) Section 1-5

  15. A Clash of Interests(cont.) • Soviets were concerned with security and wanted to avoid future attacks from Germany.  • They wanted all countries between Germany and the Soviet Union to be under Soviet control.  • Soviets believed communism was superior to capitalism.  • They were suspicious of capitalist countries because they felt capitalism would lead to war and eventually destroy communism. (pages 778–779) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-6

  16. A Clash of Interests(cont.) • Americans were concerned with economic problems.  • Roosevelt and his advisers believed that economic growth would keep the world peaceful.  • American leaders promoted a democracy with protections for individual rights and free enterprise to create prosperity. (pages 778–779) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-7

  17. A Clash of Interests(cont.) What did many American officials believe caused World War II? Many American officials believed it was the Depression that had caused World War II. Countries had cut back on trade, making it necessary for a nation to go to war to get the resources it needed. (pages 778–779) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-8

  18. The Yalta Conference • A meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin at Yalta–a Soviet resort on the Black Sea–was held to plan the postwar world.  • Although the conference went well, some agreements made would later become key in causing the Cold War. (pages 779–781) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-9

  19. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • At Yalta, a compromise was made with Roosevelt and Churchill agreeing to recognize the Polish Communist government set up by the Soviets.  • Stalin agreed that the government would include members from the old Polish government before the war.  • Stalin agreed that free elections would take place in Poland. (pages 779–781) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-10

  20. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • During the meeting at Yalta, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin issued the Declaration of Liberated Europe, giving people the right to choose their form of government. (pages 779–781) Section 1-11

  21. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • It was decided at Yalta to divide Germany and Berlin into four zones, with Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France each controlling a zone.  • It was also agreed that Germany would pay reparations for damage caused by the war.  • For the next several years, arguments about these reparations and economic policy in Germany would become one of the major causes of the Cold War. (pages 779–781) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-12

  22. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • Tensions rose when the Soviets did not follow agreements made at Yalta, which caused Soviet-American relations to deteriorate.  • President Roosevelt died and Vice President Harry S Truman became the next President. (pages 779–781) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-13

  23. The Yalta Conference (cont.) How did Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin disagree about what to do with Poland? Roosevelt and Churchill felt that the Poles should have the freedom to choose their own government. Stalin felt the Polish government and the Soviets needed to be friendly for security reasons. (pages 779–781) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-14

  24. Truman Takes Control • Harry S Truman took office, making it clear he would stand firm against Stalin to keep promises he made during Yalta.  • In July 1945, Truman and Stalin met at Potsdam near Berlin to work out a deal regarding Germany.  • Truman was against heavy reparations on Germany, feeling that the reparations would not allow German industry to recover. (pages 781–782) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-15

  25. Truman Takes Control (cont.) • Agreements were made allowing the Soviets to take reparations from their zone in Germany and a small amount of German industrial equipment from other zones.  • Stalin was not pleased with Truman’s proposal.  • Truman then told Stalin of the successfully tested atomic bomb, leading Stalin to think it was a threat to get him to agree to the deal.  • Stalin agreed, but tensions rose. (pages 781–782) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-16

  26. Truman Takes Control (cont.) • Other issues at Potsdam did not end successfully.  • The Declaration of Liberation of Europe was not upheld, and the Soviet army’s presence led to pro-Soviet Communist governments being established in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.  • These Communist countries of Eastern Europe became known as the satellite nations. (pages 781–782) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-17

  27. Truman Takes Control (cont.) • Although they had their own governments and were not under direct Soviet control, they had to remain Communist and follow Soviet- approved policies.  • As Communists began taking over Eastern Europe, Winston Churchill’s term, the iron curtain, was used to describe the separation of the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West. (pages 781–782) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-18

  28. Truman Takes Control (cont.) Why did Stalin have to accept Truman’s proposal at Potsdam? American and British troops controlled Germany’s industrial center, and Soviets would be unable to receive any reparations unless they cooperated. (pages 781–782) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-19

  29. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. B __ 1. the political and military barrier that isolated Soviet-controlled countries of Eastern Europe after World War II __ 2. the ideological and often confrontational conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1990 A. Cold War B. iron curtain A Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 1-20

  30. Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts Why did tensions grow between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II? Each country had different goals for Germany and Eastern Europe. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-21

  31. Reviewing Themes Global Connections At Yalta, what agreement did the “Big Three” come to about Germany’s future after World War II? Germany was divided into four zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-22

  32. Critical Thinking Synthesizing Do you think Roosevelt could have prevented the Cold War? Why or why not? Possible answers: Yes, the Cold War could have been prevented if Soviet needs had been accommodated.No, the Cold War was inevitable because the Soviets had broken several promises. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-23

  33. Analyzing Visuals Analyzing Maps Study the map on page 782 of your textbook. Why did the Soviet Union want the countries on its western border to have strong Communist governments? It wanted to protect itself from invasion by Germany. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-24

  34. Close Identify the goals of Stalin’s foreign policy immediately after the war. Section 1-25

  35. End of Section 1

  36. Guide to Reading Main Idea As the Cold War began, the United States struggled to oppose Communist aggression in Europe and Asia through political, economic, and military measures.  Key Terms and Names • George Kennan  • NATO  • limited war • containment  • Marshall Plan  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-1

  37. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Sequencing As you read about the Cold War, complete a time line similar to the one on page 783 of your textbook by recording the major events involving the Korean War.  Reading Objectives • Describe the American view of the Soviet Union and the policy of containment.  • Explain the causes of the Korean War. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-2

  38. Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Global Connections Beliefs about Soviet goals and actions had a lasting effect on American policies abroad and on the agencies used to carry them out. Section 2-3

  39. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 2-4

  40. Containing Communism • As Americans became increasingly impatient with the Soviets, the State Department asked the American Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior.  • On February 22, 1946, diplomat George Kennan responded with the Long Telegram, a 5,540-word cable message explaining his views of Soviet goals.  • In the telegram, Kennan discussed Soviet insecurity and fear of the West and why it was impossible to reach an agreement. (pages 783–785) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

  41. Containing Communism (cont.) • He proposed a long-term containment of Soviet expansion.  • This led to Truman’s policy of containment–keeping communism within its present territory through diplomatic, economic, and military actions. (pages 783–785) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-6

  42. Containing Communism (cont.) • After World War II, Soviet troops remained in northern Iran, demanding access to Iran’s oil supplies.  • Soviet troops helped Communists in northern Iran set up a separate government.  • The United States demanded their withdrawal and sent a U.S. battleship into the eastern Mediterranean.  • The Soviets withdrew from Iran. (pages 783–785) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

  43. Containing Communism (cont.) • On March 12, 1947, Truman went before Congress to request $400 million to fight Soviet aggression in Greece and Turkey.  • The policy became known as the Truman Doctrine. • Its purpose was to stabilize the Greek government and ease Soviet demands in Turkey.  • It became the United States’s pledge to stop communism in the world. (pages 783–785) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

  44. Containing Communism (cont.) • Postwar Western Europe faced economic ruin and starving people.  • In June 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed the European Recovery Program called the Marshall Plan. • The plan would give European nations American aid to rebuild.  • The plan was an effort to fight hunger, poverty, and chaos. (pages 783–785) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

  45. Containing Communism (cont.) • The Soviet Union and its satellite nations in Eastern Europe rejected the offer and developed their own economic program.  • The Marshall Plan gave billions of dollars worth of supplies, machinery, and food to Western Europe, lessening the appeal of communism and opening new trade markets. (pages 783–785) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-10

  46. Containing Communism (cont.) Why did George Kennan think containment would beat communism? Kennan felt the Soviet system had major economic and political weaknesses. If the United States could stop the Soviets from expanding, Kennan felt the Soviet system would crumble without going to war. (pages 783–785) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-11

  47. The Berlin Crisis • By early 1948, in response to the Soviet attempt to harm Germany’s economy, the United States, Great Britain, and France merged their zones in Germany and in Berlin, which became West Berlin, allowing Germans to have their own government.  • The new nation became West Germany with a separate economy from the Soviet zone, which eventually became known as East Germany. (pages 785–786) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

  48. The Berlin Crisis(cont.) • In June 1948, Soviet troops stopped all road and rail traffic to West Berlin, hoping to force Americans to renegotiate Germany’s status or give up Berlin.  • In response, Truman sent long-range bombers with atomic weapons to bases in Britain.  • Truman then ordered the Berlin airlift. • For eleven months, cargo planes supplied Berliners with food, medicine, and coal.  • Stalin finally lifted the blockade on May 12. (pages 785–786) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

  49. The Berlin Crisis(cont.) • With the threat of war still present, the American public supported a military alliance with Western Europe.  • By April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a mutual defense alliance, was created with initially twelve countries joining.  • The members agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attacked. (pages 785–786) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

  50. The Berlin Crisis(cont.) • Six years later, NATO allowed West Germany to rearm and join its organization.  • Soviet leaders responded with the organization of a military alliance in Eastern Europe known as the Warsaw Pact.  • The U.S. also formed other regional alliances. (pages 785–786) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-15

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