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Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry ***********************************************

Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry *********************************************** Instructor: Dr. Hong Zhang Foster Hall, Room 221 Tel: 931-6325 Email: hzhang@tntech.edu. CHEM1020/General Chemistry _________________________________________ Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry.

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Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry ***********************************************

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  1. Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry *********************************************** Instructor: Dr. Hong Zhang Foster Hall, Room 221 Tel: 931-6325 Email: hzhang@tntech.edu

  2. CHEM1020/General Chemistry_________________________________________Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Today’s Outline ..A molecular view of life and biosphere natural world vs. industrial world biochemistry: a molecular view of life and biosphere the cell ..Energy in biosystems photosynthesis respiration metabolism ..Carbohydrates: Warehouse of energy simple sugars polysaccharides: starch and cellulose

  3. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • A molecular view of life and biosphere …Natural world vs. industrial world -natural world: composed of molecules formed naturally under natural conditions (natural T, P, pH, concentrations, environmental constrains, etc.) the natural world results from long-time evolution and is a coherent system as a whole -industrial world: composed of molecules made artificially under artificial conditions (any required T, P, pH, concentrations, etc. ), many intervention of humankind

  4. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • A molecular view of life and biosphere …Life: the natural phenomenon and natural occurring or natural event …Biosphere: the natural world of life …Biochemistry: life and biosphere are composed of molecules, the molecular view of the natural living things …Life and biosphere: A polymer world …Monomers or basic molecular units of the life and biosphere …How these basic molecular units are built up to form the complex biosphere …Reductionism in biology and chemistry …Biochemistry is the chemistry of living things and life processes.

  5. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • The cell …The cell: the basic structural unit of all living things at the biological level -In biology, all living things are reduced to cells. -Cells are complex factories or reactors in the living bodies. They are taking inputs of nutrients and other resources, manufacturing biochemical products, rejecting wastes, and maintaining the biological activities of the living things. …Two kinds of cells: Plant cells and animal cells -Plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose -Animal cells do not have cell walls

  6. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • The cell …The structure of the cell Cells have a variety of interior structures and subunits that serve a variety of biological functions. Major sub-cell units: -Cell nucleus: Containing the genetic materials -Ribosomes: Proteins synthesis -Mitochondria: Energy production -Chloroplasts: In plants, energy conversion

  7. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Energy in biological systems …Life is sustained by energy. Energy maintains the order out of chaos. At equilibrium, there is no life. Life is a steady state, maintained by energy. …Photosynthesis: The ultimate energy source for living things. …Photosynthesis: A highly efficient way of providing energy for living things out of solar energy

  8. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Energy in biological systems …Photosynthesis General chemical reaction of photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 or 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6(H2O)6 + 6O2 where: C6H12O6 is glucose as a representative chemical for photosynthesis products Note: C6(H2O)6 can be written as {C(H2O)}6 so, the C-to-H2O ratio is 1:1. That’s why glucose and related sugar compounds or similar biochemical compounds are called carbohydrates.

  9. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Energy in biological systems …Metabolism: The entire series of coordinated chemical reactions that keep cells alive. …Two types of metabolism: -Catabolism: The degrading of molecules to provide energy -Anabolism: The process of manufacturing, building up, and synthesizing the molecules of living systems

  10. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Carbohydrates: The molecules storing bio-energy …Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds that can be hydrolyzed to form such compounds …Elemental composition of carbohydrates: C, H, and O. …General molecular formula: Cx(H2O)y for simple sugar, glucose, x = y = 6 …Three general kinds of carbohydrates: -sugars -starches -cellulose

  11. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Carbohydrates: Some simple sugars …Sugars are sweet-tasting carbohydrates Two kinds: monosaccharides disaccharides These monosaccharides cannot be further hydrolyzed. …Three common monosaccharides: glucose (dextrose), as aldose (aldhyde) galactose (a component of lactose, sugar in milk), also as aldose (aldehyde) fructose (fruit sugar), as ketose (ketones)

  12. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Carbohydrates: Some simple sugars …Structures of monosaccharides two kinds of structural forms: -open-chain structural form to show the aldehyde or ketone functional groups (pp 435, Fig. 15.3) -cyclic structural form (pp. 436, Fig. 15.4) …Basic structural components: -Main C chain or stem -OH groups -aldehyde functional groups -ketone functional groups

  13. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Carbohydrates: Some simple sugars …Structures of glucose two kinds of ring forms of glucose: α-ring glucose β-ring glucose two forms are interchangeable (see overhead)

  14. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Carbohydrates: Some simple sugars …Carbohydrates: disaccharides, the sugars that can be hydrolyzed to form two simple monosaccharides Examples of disaccharides: Sucrose + H2O  Glucose + Fructose Lactose + H2O  Glucose + Galactose …Structural forms of disaacharides pp. 437, Fig. 15.5

  15. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides …Polysaccharides are composed of large molecules that yield many monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. …Two basic kinds of polysacchrrides in plants: First knid: Starch, a polymer made of 100-6000 α-ring glucose monomers (α-linkage); starch chain is not quite linear -starch is for energy storage Two kinds of plant starch: -amylose, single chain of “polyglucose”, water soluble -amylopectin, main step with side chains of glucose branches, non-water soluble (book, pp.438, Fig. 15.8)

  16. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides …Two basic kinds of polysacchrrides in plants: Second kind: Cellulose, a polymer made of 1800- 3000 or more β-ring glucose monomers that has the β-linkage, relatively straight chain, fibrous material because of the alternative units- polymerization -cellulose is for plant structural material or matrix

  17. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry • Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides …Polysaccharides in animals: The animal starch is called glycogen. Glycogen has branched chains of glucose units. Glycogen in muscle and liver tissue is arranged in granules, clusters of small particles.

  18. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry Quiz Time Which of the following reactions is the photosynthesis reaction: (a) CO2 + H2O  H2CO3; (b) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O; (c) 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2; (d) CO + O2 CO2.

  19. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry Quiz Time Which of the following are the common monosaccharides: (a) milk; (b) pineapple juice; (c) fruit, starch, cellulose; (d) glucose, fructose, and galactose.

  20. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry Quiz Time Glucose has which functional groups: (a) –C=O; (b) –OH and –CHO; (c) –OH and –COOH; (d) –CNH2.

  21. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry Quiz Time Glucose has which two ring structures: (a) V-ring and J-ring; (b) O-ring and L-ring; (c) α-ring and β-ring; (d) none of above.

  22. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry Quiz Time The two kinds of polysaccharides in plants are: (a) glucose and fructose; (b) starch and celluloid; (c) glycogen and glycerol; (d) starch and cellulose.

  23. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry Quiz Time Starch is made of: (a) α-glucose monomers with β-linkage; (b) β-glucose monomers with β-linkage; (c) α-glucose monomers with α-linkage; (d) β-glucose monomers with α-linkage.

  24. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry Quiz Time Cellulose is made of: (a) α-glucose monomers with β-linkage; (b) β-glucose monomers with β-linkage; (c) α-glucose monomers with α-linkage; (d) β-glucose monomers with α-linkage.

  25. Chapter 15. (L12)-Biochemistry Quiz Time The starch in animals is: (a) acetic acid; (b) glycerol; (c) glycogen; (d) amylopectin.

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