San Fransisco

1. San Fransisco • Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. • They happen along "fault lines" in the earth’s crust. • Felt over large areas • Usually last less than 1 minute • Cannot be predicted -- scientists are working on it!

2. Tectonic Plate Boundary Types

3. Richter Scale The intensity of an earthquake can be measured using the Richter scale • A magnitude 7.0 on a Richter scale is a major earthquake. • 6.0 is considered strong • 5.0 can cause damage • Below 4.0 usually does not cause damage • Anything below 2.0 usually can’t be felt *The Northridge Earthquake, which hit Southern California in 1994, was magnitude 6.7

4. San Francisco, CAApril 18, 19065:12 a.m.Magnitude: 8.25Length of time: 40 secondsDeaths: 700 to 2,500 peopleNote: The "Great San Francisco Earthquake" is one of the strongest ever recorded in North America. Much of the city was destroyed by the strong shaking, which toppled buildings, and by the fires that followed

5. 1906 San Francisco earthquake • The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was a major earthquake that struck San Francisco, California and the coast of Northern California. • The main shock epicenter* occurred offshore about 3 km from the city • It ruptured along the San Andreas Fault for a total length of 477 km

6. The earthquake and resulting fire one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the U.S. • The death toll estimated to be above 3,000. • The economic impact was great.

7. Subsequent fires • The fires that burned out of control afterward the earthquake were much more destructive. • About 90% of the total destruction was a result from the subsequent fire. • Most of the structures destroyed that day collapsed from the movement of the earth before the fires got to them. • Poor building standards at the time caused buildings to collapse. • Some fires broke because of ruptured natural gas pipes broken by the quake.

8. One landmark building lost in the fire was the Palace Hotel, subsequently rebuilt, which had many famous visitors, including royalty and celebrated performers.

9. Some of the greatest losses from fire were in scientific laboratories • Nearly 1,500 specimens at the California Academy of Sciences , including the entire type specimen collection for a newly discovered and extremely rare species were saved, before the remainder of the largest botanical collection in the western United States was consumed by fire.

10. The entire laboratory and all the records of Benjamin R. Jacobs, a biochemist who was researching the nutrition of everyday foods, was lost. • Another treasure lost in the fires was the original California flag used in the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt at Sonoma, which at the time was being stored in a state building Benjamin R. Jacobs - March 15 1954 – 75 years old n San Francisco

11. Aftermath and reconstruction • Property losses been estimated to be more than $400 million. • In the rush to rebuild the city, building standards were in fact lowered instead of strengthened. • Part of the rush to rebuild was the desire to be ready for an international exposition set to be hosted in 1915.

12. Bird's-eye view, surrounding Ferry Building. Looking west on Market Street

13. The Importance of Building Codes • Building codes first came into use to protect communities from potential earthquake damage (1930s). • It ensured the same standards of health and safety across any nation. • These standards ensure the quality of construction before a disaster. • This makes Emergency Aid/relief Organization's work much easier, both before and after a disaster.

14. Building Codes* • A code is a body of laws that must be obeyed by constracters. • A building code requires that a building or facility be located, designed, and constructed so that any threat to life, health, and welfare of its occupants and the public is minimized or prevented

15. Consequences of Earthquakes: • Human casualties (death) • Loss of livestock in rural areas • Property damage or homelessness • Medical services are disrupted (no doctor or medication available) • Jobless if company moves away • Temporary unemployment if company is destroyed

16. No transportation services • Damage to infrastructure (bridges, roads & buildings are closed due to damage) • Economy suffers due to job losses and extra money needed to clean up and repair • Home insurance increases (goes up) • Emergency services are disrupted or overwhelmed with rescue efforts.

17. Measures We Must Take to Lessen the consequences: • Build earthquake resistant homes, buildings and bridges. • Invest in high-technology equipment which can detect earthquakes before they occur. • Set in place a warning system to give enough to prepare (if time permits of course!) • Set in place of crisis management team with a good action plan. • Train emergency services to (police officers, 911 operators, firefighters and paramedics) deal with crisis.

18. QUITO, Ecuador • Quito is a city in Ecuador. • Ecuador is a country. • It is found in South America.

19. Topographical zones • The city of Quito is divided into three zones (areas), separated by hills • Central part: • This is the historical, colonial part of the city • Tourist zone

20. b)Southern part: • This area is mainly industrial and residential, a working-class neighborhood http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NorteDeQuito.jpg/800px-NorteDeQuito.jpg

21. c) Northern part: • This is modern Quito, with high-rise buildings, shopping centers, the financial district and upper class (affluent) neighborhoods, and some working-class neighborhoods

22. Mariscal Sucre International Airport is in the northern part.

23. Seven killed in Ecuador military plane crash An Ecuadorian military plane crashed into an apartment building in northern Quito, killing seven people The crash set the five-storey building ablaze and prompted a major search and rescue operation by firefighters It crashed near a luxury hotel in Quito as it approached the capital city's airport http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i0zrhDqkpM

24. The area has been the scene of at least four plane mishaps in recent years A similar accident killed Ecuador's tourism minister, Pedro Zambrano.

25. Public Transportation • Close to 2 million people commute per day • Most commuters* use public transportation *commuter- A person who regularly travels from one place to another, typically to work Different types of public transportation: • Privately-owned buses • Trolley buses or cable cars • City transit buses (city-owned, like in Montreal)

26. Electric Trolley Bus A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram [in early years][1] or trolley[2][3][4]) is an electric bus that draws its electricity from overhead wires (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded trolley poles. Two wires and poles are required to complete the electrical circuit.

27. In Montreal… • Public transit is operated by the • It’s services include network of buses, subways, and commuter trains that extend across and off the island

28. Problems in Quito: • Large city of about 3 million people A) Quito’s infrastructure*is in bad shape: *By infrastructurewe mean all the services and facilities provided by a city such as: • Roads (need to be repaired) • Water (consistency) • Sewage system • Emergency services (doctors, police etc.) • Trash collection • Parks, etc.

29. The Issue of Having Consistent Water Supply

30. Quito gets all of its water from the rivers draining from high volcanic ridges*of the Andean mountains. *A ridge is any long raised strip; a long narrow range of hills.

31. Water pipes transport this water from the mountains to Quito. • The “threat” to Quito is having a consistent supply of water. This means making sure there is enough water to continue to supply Quito’s needs.

32. Quilotoa • Quilotoa is beautiful crater lake http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Panorama_quilotoa_crater_lake_ecuador.jpg/800px-Panorama_quilotoa_crater_lake_ecuador.jpg

33. B) There is a lot of poverty, particularly among indigenous people like the Andeans.

34. Despite the poverty and disrepair of many buildings, the churches and cathedrals are really beautiful.

35. Transportation • Most people use public transportation (buses) and taxis to travel around the city. • More and more people are buying private vehicles (cars!) even though the cost is twice the price in the United States.

36. Northern Quito'sBusiness District

37. Northern Quito as seen from the Aerial tramway Station at Cruz Loma (part of the Pichincha mountain complex at about 4,000 m.

38. Old Town • UNESCO recognized Quito's historical centre as a World Heritage site in 1978. • The historic centre is one of the best-preserved, least altered districts in Latin America.

39. Strictly controlled development has kept it wonderfully preserved.

40. Outside the city • Pululahua is a volcano near Quito. • Its crater is visible. • It is believed to be one of only craters in the world with human inhabitants.

41. A volcanic crater is a circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity.

42. The capital of Ecuador, Quito lies at the foot of the Pichincha volcano, and has been damaged several times by the area's frequent earthquakes

43. Quito is the only capital in the world to be directly menaced (threatened) by an active volcano. • Guagua Pichincha, only 21 km west, has continuing activity and is under constant monitoring. • The largest eruption occurred in 1660 when over 25 cm of ash covered the city.

44. The latest eruption was recorded on October 5 and 7, 1999, when a large amount of ash was deposited on the city. • The eruption caused significant disruption of activities, including closing of the international airport. • Nearby volcanic eruptions can also affect Quito. • The city was showered with ash for several days after an eruption occurred in the Reventador volcano (2002).

45. The region also is vulnerable to earthquakes. • The worst-known earthquake to have hit Quito occurred in 1797 and killed 40,000 people. • The most recent major seismic event, with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale, occurred in 1987 with an epicentre about 80 km from the city. • It killed an estimated 1,000 near the epicenter, but Quito itself suffered only minor damage. • On October 16, 2006, the city felt a quake measuring 4.1 on the Richter scale, but no major damage was reported.

46. The Richter scale The intensity of an earthquake can be measured using the Richter scale • A magnitude 7.0 on a Richter scale is a major earthquake. • The Northridge Earthquake, which hit Southern California in 1994, was magnitude 6.7 • 6.0 is considered strong • 5.0 can cause damage • Below 4.0 usually does not cause damage • Anything below 2.0 usually can’t be felt

47. Epicentre: http://www.answers.com/topic/focal-point# • The point of the earth's surface which is directly above the focus* of an earthquake • Focus point of origin of an earthquake.