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AUTOIMMUNITY

AUTOIMMUNITY. Prof. Emad A Koshak Professor and Consultant Internal Medicine, Allergy & Immunology King Abdulaziz University- Faculty of Medicine.

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AUTOIMMUNITY

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  1. AUTOIMMUNITY Prof. Emad A Koshak Professor and Consultant Internal Medicine, Allergy & Immunology King Abdulaziz University- Faculty of Medicine

  2. The immune system normally acquires self tolerance by clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus before birth and by functional suppression of autoreactive T and B cells at later stages of development.

  3. Background on inflammation The word inflammation literally means "burning."

  4. Inflammation occurs in response to a range of traumas from sunburn and wounds, to infection and auto-immune conditions. Whatever the cause, this process is basically the same....

  5. “SHARP” Swelling Heat Redness Pain

  6. Heat and redness result from dilation of the small blood vessels in the injured area and increased local blood flow. Because blood vessels become more permeable during inflammation, protein rich exudate escapes from blood plasma to the damaged tissue and causes swelling. Pain is believed to result from such chemical substances as serotonin, specific cytokines or from tension of tissue over the inflamed area.

  7. Autoimmune disorders are a diverse group of conditions, which occur due to abnormal stimulation and signaling within the immune system. "Self" versus "non-self" recognition is altered. An autoimmune response occurs because, for some reason, helper T cells recognize a cell of the body (or self cell) as foreign, and mark it for destruction.

  8. Examples of Autoimmune Diseases:

  9. Nervous System: Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis (acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies) Autoimmune neuropathies such as Guillain-Barré Autoimmune uveitis

  10. Gastrointestinal System: Crohn's Disease Ulcerative colitis Primary biliary cirrhosis Autoimmune hepatitis

  11. Blood: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Pernicious anemia Autoimmune thrombocytopenia Antiphospholipid antibody Meisha, a lab/terrier/spaniel mix, was 3 years old when she was diagnosed with autoimmunue hemolytic anemia in January of 1992.

  12. Skin: Psoriasis Dermatitis herpetiformis Pemphigus vulgaris Vitiligo

  13. Endocrine: DM Hashimoto thyroiditis DM is an example of an autoimmune disorder in which Beta cells of the pancrease show destruction. Graves diseases Addison disease

  14. Endocrine: Type I (insulin -dependent) diabetes (pancreatic beta-cell autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies)

  15. Grave’s Disease Graves Disease is an autoimmune condition that strikes more women than men at a rate of 7:1. It affects the functioning of the thyroid and causes hyperthyroidism, but it can also affect the tissue surrounding the eyes.

  16. Rheumatology: SLE RA Progressive systemic sclerosis is an example of an autoimmune disorder in which skin cells show extensive dermal fibrosis. Systemic Scelerosis Dermatomyocytis Ankylosing spondylitis

  17. SLE is the most commonly known autoimmune disorder. This characteristic “butterfly” rash is made worse by exposure to sunlight. Lupus is a potentially fatal autoimmune disease that strikes 1 in 2,000 Americans and 10 times as many women as men. Malar rash

  18. Rheumatoid arthritis Among the most serious and disabling types of arthritis, 2.1 million Americans live with rheumatoid arthritis. About one out of seven Americans exhibit some form of arthritis.

  19. A Genetic Connection? Many chronic inflammatory diseases have been shown to occur preferentially in individuals carrying certain variants of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) genes.

  20. MHC Genes There are two classes of HLA antigens: class I antigens (HLA A, B, Cw) class II antigens (HLA DR [and DQ & DP]) There are: 22 different HLA A antigens 42 different B antigens 9 different Cw antigens 18 different DR antigens

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