1 / 24

Presentation subtitle

White Australia’s Demise and Post Vietnam Refugee Crisis Prof Richard Broome La Trobe University. Presentation subtitle. 1: Background Understanding. 19thC Racism Origins of White Australia Policy Connections of whiteness and nationality. Anti-Chinese Sentiment Re-emerges in 1870s.

zalman
Download Presentation

Presentation subtitle

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. White Australia’s Demise and Post Vietnam Refugee Crisis Prof Richard Broome La Trobe University Presentation subtitle

  2. 1: Background Understanding • 19thC Racism • Origins of White Australia Policy • Connections of whiteness and nationality Example presentation title Page 2

  3. Anti-Chinese Sentiment Re-emerges in 1870s • Tolerance ends • Workers’ anxiety • Maritime Strike 1878 • Anti-Chinese Immigration Act 1881 • Chinese in Melbourne furniture trade • Extends to migration morals & nationalism Example presentation title Page 3

  4. Anti-Chinese Campaign • Anxieties re. Chinese Commissioners’ Visit 1887 • ‘Afghan’ Crisis 1888 • Legislation in NSW> all colonies • Racism underpins these moves • stereotyping Example presentation title Page 4

  5. Bulletin: Anti-Chinese Campaign Example presentation title Page 5

  6. Late 19thC. Invasion Novels • International genre • Anxiety re national strength, unity, race fitness • William Lane’s White or Yellow (1888) • Critique of Brit.capitalism • Of urban masculinity • Lane and the labour movement • Creation ‘New Australia’ Example presentation title Page 6

  7. Discourse of Asia Rising • Charles Pearson:reformer • His National Life and Character (1893) • Influential: why? • His views of white and other races • Challenged racial determinism • Transnational influence Example presentation title Page 7

  8. 3: Alfred Deakin & Immigration Act • Brilliant rise - MP @ 24 • Most eminent colonial • Cosmopolitan man • American influences 1888 • Race hierarchy-whiteness • Nation & homogeneity • Mississippi/Natal test • Immig Restrict’n Act 1901 • London Morning Post • Rationale‘New Protection’ Example presentation title Page 8

  9. Achieving Whiteness • Pacific Islanders Expulsion Act 1906 • Aust. Constitution ignores Aboriginal presence • State Aboriginal Acts • Non-white decline • Diplomatic exceptions Example presentation title Page 9

  10. Sydney 1908: Burns v. Johnson • 1900c:Colour line in US-controlled boxing • Not in UK – Peter Jackson’s bouts • Or Australia • Whiteman’s counties not exact replicas • But race dominant Western discourse Example presentation title Page 10

  11. Australia’s Tri-level of Identity • 1: Australian nationalism • 2: British patriotism • 3: Race patriotism • Hancock (1930): ‘Independent Australian Britons’ Example presentation title Page 11

  12. Paris Peace Conference 1918-1919 • Pres. Wilson idealism • Japan seeks racial equality • Diplomatic struggles • Dominions dominate • Hughes outspoken • Japan’s humiliation • Treaty’s legacy - Whiteness & Japanese militarism Prime Minister Billy Hughes Aust Nat Lib pic an 12266389 Example presentation title Page 12

  13. Deportation Controversies 1946-9 Malaysian seamen International & local disapproval Not just Asians > pic. O’Keefe case 1949 Calwell’s opposition WAP dented Example presentation title Page 13 Example presentation title Page 13

  14. Modifications in the 1950s Special cases cause difficulty: Chinese nationals; Eurasians and the 50% rule; war brides and Cherry Parker case Asian students Asian engagement and the Columbo Plan Holt’s 1956 administrative refinements Migration Act 1958: end of dictation test Example presentation title Page 14 Example presentation title Page 14

  15. 1960s Policy Debate: For Change • Principle: academics, churches & NGOs • Cosmopolitanism: students & elites • Pragmatism: Foreign Affairs Dept • Immigration Reform Group: Mackie, Rivett • Peter Heydon, Secretary Immigration Dept • Hubert Opperman, Minister of Immigration Example presentation title Page 15 Example presentation title Page 15

  16. 1960s Policy Debate: For Status Quo • Inertia: Many officers of Immigration Dept. • Tradition: Most unions • Defence/Cold War fears: RSL • 60-70% of public opinion- racial world-view • Arthur Calwell Leader of Opposition • Prime Minister Robert Menzies Example presentation title Page 16 Example presentation title Page 16

  17. Shifts within Labor Party • 1966 Whitlam replaces Calwell as leader –seeks to modernise ALP • 1971 ALP National Conf’ence: 3 principles • 1972 win: immigration no election issue: • But WAP ended + reduced targets • 1973: Aust Citizenship Act –ends British preference Example presentation title Page 17

  18. Consequences of New Policy • Al Grassby tours Asia to bury WAP • Dept of Immigration reformed • Lower annual targets: change minimised • 1973 changes: evolutionary from 1956+ • Acceptable responses to a changing context - sig. public acceptance • 1975 Racial Discrimination Act Example presentation title Page 18

  19. Rise of Multiculturalism • Aim of the Whitlam Govt: integration within non–discriminatory Australian society • Aust. Reality: poly-ethnic by 1971 • Labor govt focussed on migrant problems • Al Grassby introduced new paradigm and shifted the debate - ‘family of the nation’ • Subsequent Govts adopt - Frazer Example presentation title Page 19

  20. The end of ‘White Australia’ tested by Asian Refugee Crisis 1976-82 • End of Vietnam War April 1975 • Aust. accepts few at fall of Saigon • Vietnam’s internal problems & war with Kampuchea, China create mass exodus • Two million displaced in Indo-China • Flee by land and in boats • 1 M+ seek refuge overseas; 0.4 m in 1979 alone • Malaysia & Thailand’s solution • Boat people arrive in Australia April 1976+ Example presentation title Page 20

  21. Australia’s Strategies • Stem flow and introduce orderly arrival • Internationalise the issue- internat. law • Geneva Conferences 1978, 1979 • Australia’s intake 1976-82: 176K • Comparative international intake –largest • Success: internal divisions ameliorated Example presentation title Page 21

  22. Yet: 1984 Immigration Debate • Blainey claims: minority driving the policy • West: ‘Asianisation of Australia’, misread? • Protests from Blainey’s colleagues • Blainey’s All for Australia (1984): ‘the secret room’ & conspiracy of elites theory • Surrender Australia? (1985) • First modern History War Example presentation title Page 22

  23. John Howard & ‘One Australia’ • 1985 becomes Opposition Leader • 1988 rejects Aboriginal treaty & guilt • 1989 Attacks multiculturalism ‘One Australia’ • Immigration: opposes family reunion & large-scale Asian immigration (//s Blainey) • 1989 Howard ousted • Lazarus rises 1994, Hanson 1996 Example presentation title Page 23

  24. Bibliography • Lake Marilyn & Reynolds. Henry, Drawing the Global Colour Line, MUP, 2008. • Markus, Andrew. Fear & Hatred. Purifying Australia and California, 1850-1901, H & I, 1979. • Walker, David. Anxious Nation. Australia and the Rise of Asia 1850-1939, UQP, 1999. • Broome, Richard, ‘The Australian Reaction to Jack Johnson’, R. Cashman & M. McKernan, Sport in History, UQP 1979. • Tavan, Gwenda. The Long Slow Death of White Australia, Scribe, Melb. 2005 • Viviani, Nancy. The Long Journey. Vietnamese Migration and Settlement in Australia, Melbourne University Press, Melb. 1984. Example presentation title Page 24

More Related