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Particle movement in matter

Particle movement in matter. What happens when a particle moves in another matter?. Approach:. Solids Deformations Stress Strain Elasticity Fluids Pressure. Matter. Anything that occupies space and has mass. Volume Mass Density Exhibits gravitational attraction Has inertia.

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Particle movement in matter

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  1. Particle movement in matter What happens when a particle moves in another matter?

  2. Approach: • Solids • Deformations • Stress • Strain • Elasticity • Fluids • Pressure

  3. Matter • Anything that occupies space and has mass. • Volume • Mass • Density • Exhibits gravitational attraction • Has inertia

  4. States/Phases of Matter • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma • Supersolids • Superfluids

  5. Some properties of solids • Elasticity • Malleability • Ductility • Plasticity • Strength • Hardness • Flexibility

  6. Elasticity vs. Plasticity • Elastic and plastic materials are both deformed when subjected to force • Difference: • Elastic: material returns to its original dimension when force is removed • Plastic: deformation is permanent • Elastic materials may exhibit plasticity. • When and how?

  7. Malleability vs. Ductility • Both are determined by the crystal lattice of the metal, and the strength of the bond between molecules of the metal • Copper is malleable and ductile. Aluminum is malleable but not as ductile as copper.

  8. Hardness vs. Strength • In the general use, they are the same; the ability o a material to resist deformation • Concrete is hard but it may not be as strong as metal. • Hardness … deformation due to compression • Strength … deformation due to tension

  9. Hooke’s Law • Also known as Law of Elasticity • Robert Hooke • For relatively small deformations, the magnitude of deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force.

  10. Limitations • Conditions that fall under Hooke’s Law • Relatively small deformation • Deformation is within the elastic limit • The material returns to its original dimension when the force is removed

  11. Illustration for Hooke’s Law • Greater deformation requires greater force. • The ratio of these too defines the elasticity of the material

  12. Deformation Quantified • Deformation will now be called strain in our analysis, and the deforming force will be represented as stress. • Note: However do not think that stress is a force.

  13. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity • Also called ELASTICITY OF LENGTH • Describes the stiffness of materials; resistance to compression and tension in one axis • High value of Y means high resistance

  14. Shear Modulus of Elasticity • Also called elasticity of shape or modulus of rigidity • High value of S means high rigidity

  15. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity • Also called elasticity of volume • Its reciprocal iscalled compressibility • Higher value of K means the material is harder to compress.

  16. Typical Values for Elastic Moduli

  17. Exercises • A wire 2.50 m long has a cross – sectional area of 2.00x10-3 cm2. When stretched by a force of 80.0 N it elongates by 5.00x10-2 cm. Determine • the tensile stress • the tensile strain • the Young’s Modulus of this kind of wire. • If this material has twice the cross-sectional area with the same length, what must be the magnitude of deformation when subjected to the same force?

  18. Exercises • A certain metal can withstand a maximum shear stress of 8.65 GPa. What magnitude of force is required to puncture a hole of 3.00 cm radius on a metal bar that is 4.00 cm thick?

  19. Exercises • How much is the decrease in the volume of 5.00 cubic centimeter of aluminum when submerged in the sea at a depth where the pressure is 2.35 MPa?

  20. Seatwork • A vertical steel beam in a building supports a load of 6.00x104 N. If the length of the beam is 4.00 m and its cross-sectional area is 8.00x10-3 m2, find the distance it is compressed along its length.

  21. Seatwork • A solid sphere of volume 0.500 m3 is dropped in the ocean to a depth of about 2,000 m where the pressure increases by 2.00x107 Pa. Lead has a bulk modulus of 7.70 GPa. What is the change in the volume of the sphere?

  22. Seatwork • What magnitude of force is required to puncture a square hole, 3.00 cm on each side, on a steel bar of 5.00 cm thickness? The maximum stress that steel can withstand is approximately 85.0 GPa

  23. Assignment • Prepare for seatwork on Elastic Moduli • Answer the following questions in your LNB. • What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level (standard atmospheric pressure)? • Differentiate gauge pressure and absolute pressure. • State Pascal’s Principle on hydrostatic pressure. • Illustrate and explain Pascal’s Principle using Pascal’s vases and hydraulic press.

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