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1.Introduction

1.Introduction. Length-scales: 1Angstrom = 1 Ǻ = 1/10,000,000,000 metre = 10 -10 m 1 Nanometre = 1nm = 1/1,000,000,000 metre = 10 -9 m 1 Micrometre = 1µm = 1/1,000,000 metre = 10 -6 m 1 Millimetre = 1mm = 1/1,000 metre = 10 -3 m Interatomic distance ~ a few Ǻ

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1.Introduction

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  1. 1.Introduction Length-scales: 1Angstrom = 1Ǻ = 1/10,000,000,000 metre = 10-10 m 1 Nanometre = 1nm = 1/1,000,000,000 metre = 10-9 m 1 Micrometre = 1µm = 1/1,000,000 metre = 10-6 m 1 Millimetre = 1mm = 1/1,000 metre = 10-3 m Interatomic distance ~ a few Ǻ A human hair is ~ 50 µm in diametre ! Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are ~ 0.5 µm wide, minimum 0.83 µm long and 125 nm high

  2. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik - Skalen Advanced Materials: • Building bridges between natural sciences and engineering tech-nologies • Operational range from nano-technologies to system engi-neering

  3. Atomic number MetalNon-metalSemi-metal Symbol Atomic mass And This Is Just The Beginning … Chemical diversity … • 2 elements 5,000 systems 80% known • 3 elements 162,000 systems approx. 5% known • 4 elements 4,000,000 systems < 1% known … multiplied by an unlimited structural diversity on the micro-nano-scale

  4. 1.Introduction What is Materials Science and Engineering ? Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties and performance of materials

  5. 1.Introduction Composition, bonding, crystal structure and microstructure DEFINE properties of the materials

  6. Werkstoffe Metalle (rein, Legierungen) Nichtmetalle Naturstoffe FE-WS NE-WS Halb- leiter ANW Kunststoffe mineralisch Fe + Fe-Leg. - Leichtmetalle (Be, Al, Mg) - Edelmetalle (Ag, Au, Pt, Rh) - refraktäre Metalle (W, Ta) - Ge, Si - GaAs, InP,.. - Glas - Keramik - Elastomere - Thermoplaste - Duroplaste - Asbest - Granit, Marmor - Saphir, Rubin organisch - Holz - Kautschuk 1.Introduction

  7. 1.Introduction Figure 1.7: properties of materials and factors which influence the product design

  8. 1.Introduction Metals Several uses of steel and pressed aluminium Types of Materials

  9. 1.Introduction Ceramics Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics Types of Materials

  10. 1.Introduction Polymers Polymers include „plastics“ and rubber materials Types of Materials

  11. 1.Introduction Composites Polymer composite materials: reinforcing glassfibres in a polymer matrix

  12. 1.Introduction Semiconductors Micro-Electrical – Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Si-wafer for computer chip devices Types of Materials

  13. 1.Introduction Properties Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties-response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electric and magnetic properties-response to electric and magnetic fields, conductivity etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity Optical properties include absorption, transmission and scattering of light Chemical stability in contact with the environment; is related to corrosion resistance

  14. 1.Introduction Types of Materials Let us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound together (chapter 2). Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an „electron sea“ that „glues“ the ions together.  Strong, ductile, well conduction of electricity and heat and are shiny if polished. Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms).Their electric properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants.  Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs. Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces.They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides and carbides).  Hard, brittle, insulators; examples: glass, porcelain. Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces and usually based on C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures (100-400C°), and are lightweight.  Examples: plastics, rubber.

  15. Was ist der Kern der Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik Material-Struktur (chemisch – kristallograph. - geometrisch) = MULTI SCALE MEMORY (Mikro-Nano-Atomare Skala) Eigen-schaften Innere Struktur? Blackbox Herstellung Innere Struktur kontrolliert Eigenschaften Innere Struktur speichert Herstellungsroute

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