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Eduardo Hardy NRAO

PROTECTING ALMA. Eduardo Hardy NRAO. IAU-Prague. Comm. 50, 23 Aug. 2006. This Presentation. ALMA ( www.alma.cl ) The Site: Science Preserve Other Projects at the Site Land Protection RFI Protection. ALMA: Standard.

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Eduardo Hardy NRAO

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  1. PROTECTING ALMA Eduardo Hardy NRAO IAU-Prague. Comm. 50, 23 Aug. 2006

  2. This Presentation • ALMA (www.alma.cl) • The Site: • Science Preserve • Other Projects at the Site • Land Protection • RFI Protection

  3. ALMA: Standard "The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership between Europe, Japan and North America in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded in Europe by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), in Japan by the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) in cooperation with the Academia Sinica in Taiwan and in North America by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). ALMA construction and operations are led on behalf of Europe by ESO, on behalf of Japan by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) and on behalf of North America by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), which is managed by Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI).“ Countries: 12 (Europe), 2 (NA), 2 (Asia) + Chile = 17 countries

  4. 1 ALMA consists of • At least 66 antennas: 50 x 12m (bilateral), 16 (Japan; 4 x 12m +12 x 7m) • 10 bandpasses, initially 4 (bilateral) plus bands 4, 8 and 10 from Japan. Japan

  5. ALMA (50-element Array + 16 ACA)

  6. The ALMA Site ALMA San Pedro Calama Paranal Las Campanas La Silla Tololo & Pachón 500 km

  7. From space

  8. Chajnantor’s satellite image No line-of-sight AOS-San Pedro

  9. ALMALAND

  10. This is what we need to protect! (…and not only for ALMA)

  11. (1) Area of Scientific Interest (for mining purposes) • The ministry of Mining has declared the ALMA (and CONICYT) area as protected from mining exploitation • But to assure no third party exploration we keep exploration mining rights everywhere.

  12. TAO CCAT

  13. RFI Protection • SUBTEL(Telecomm. Secretariat)is the State organization that regulates use of EM Spectrum, passive or active. It has attributions to enforce protection. SUBTEL has created in 2004 the first protected area in Chile, and possibly the second in the world.. Strong technical contribution from Darrel Emerson (NRAO), Tom Gergely (NSF), R. J. Cohen (Jodrell Bank)

  14. NOTE SUBTEL has shown flexibility and a willingness to help RA in Chile. Its legal Resolutions can be dynamic in that changes to norms can be considered on a periodic basis. However: it wants to follow ITU-R recommendations, but also IAU Commission 50 (http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~rjc/1978report.htm)

  15. Protection & Coordination zones Chile (via SUBTEL) has created a Protected Zone (R=30 km) and a Coordination Zone (R=120 km) both for 31GHz ≤ f ≤ 275 GHz. Protection is also provided for ALMA IFs (4-12 GHz). Chilean Gov. decrees issued 2003 and 2004. “Observatory” = 20 km radius.

  16. ALMA Registration • In December 2004, ALMA was registered by Chile in the ITU-R Master International Frequency Register (MIFR) with ID: CHL259 • ALMA’s frequency bands are:

  17. ALMA Quiet Zone: Elements SUBTEL’s Resolution No. 1055, 17 August 2004 (Second such Zone in the world?. Provides Protection for primary RA allocated bands (f < 275 GHz), via zones: • 30-km radius Protection Zone: no transmitters in RA bands used by ALMA. b) 120-km Coordination Zone: transmitters in RA bands only by negotiation/coordination. • Limits to emissions at Observ. based on Rec. ITU RA.769-1 (or modifications). • Plus EIRP limits on all transmitters in Coordination Zone operating below 31.3 GHz (power density at Observatory <2x10-6 W/m2)  C50 recomm. • No protection from satellites or HAPS (High Altitude Platform Stations), or airplane radio communications.

  18. Coordination Process • According to SUBTEL’s Resolution, coordination is being understood as the process whereby the opinion of of ALMA will be sought regarding requests by third parties that SUBTEL deems could interfere or affect the operation of the radio telescope. • Likewise, in case ALMA detects any emissions that affect its operation, it will notify SUBTEL for its coordination.

  19. Chajnantor WG Purpose is Coordination among Projects: • Make sure RFI protection rules are respected • Safety and operational rules • Sharing of some infrastructure • ALMA to close deals with commun. C. companies for all projects.

  20. WRC-10 Agenda • 2.2 “to consider frequency allocations between 275 GHz and 3000 GHz taking into account the result of ITU-R studies in accordance with Resolution 950 [COM7/1](WRC-03)” resolves • 2 “That administrations may submit for inclusion in the Master International Frequency Register details on systems which operate between 275 and 3000 GHz”. • Currently Footnote 5.565 of ITU-R Radio Regulations identifies frequency bands within the range 275-1000 GHz that are used by passive services for spectral line measurements.

  21. REQUEST to C. 50 • Push to extend RA Assigned freq. beyond 275 GHz • Look into mobile radar issue. In 1996, the FCC allowed use of the bands 46.7-46.9 GHz and 76.0-77.0 GHz for vehicular radar. Because of the expense of producing traditional 76 GHz radars, the automotive industry now supports use of spectrum at 23-29 GHz (called 24 GHz systems) In Europe, the EC require switching to 76 GHz:The 24 GHz radars may interfere with NASA and ESA earth-sensing satellites which measure soil moisture using the H20 22 GHz spectral line. But the 3rd harmonic of a 76 GHz system occurs near the 12CO J=2-1 line at 230 GHz. 

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