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Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lexicographic Definitions using Unit Graphs

Depling’13, August 30 th 2013, Prague. Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lexicographic Definitions using Unit Graphs. Maxime Lefrançois, Fabien Gandon. [ maxime.lefrancois | fabien.gandon ] @ inria.fr.

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Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lexicographic Definitions using Unit Graphs

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  1. Depling’13, August 30th 2013, Prague ReasoningwithDependency Structures and LexicographicDefinitionsusing Unit Graphs Maxime Lefrançois, Fabien Gandon [ maxime.lefrancois | fabien.gandon ] @inria.fr

  2. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Knowledge Representation • answers recurrent needs • represent • manipulate • query • reason • share • ... • here: applied to the linguistic domain • Meaning-Text Theory

  3. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Choose Formalism Populate Applications t

  4. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Choose Formalism Populate Applications t 1. ChooseFormalism

  5. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Need1: Theory of Semantic Actants (Mel’cuk, 2004) LinguisticPredicates Semantic Actant Slots (SemASlots) = Participants of the linguistic situation denoted by L that have a favoured position in sentences constructedwith L

  6. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Need 1: Theory of Semantic Actants (Mel’cuk, 2004) LinguisticPredicates Semantic Actant Slots (SemASlots) = Participants of the linguistic situation denoted by L that have a favoured position in sentences constructedwith L + linguisticcriterions

  7. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Need 1: Theory of Semantic Actants (Mel’cuk, 2004) ≠ LinguisticPredicates logical predicate (to eat)(Paul ; eggs ; plate) optional

  8. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Need 1: Theory of Semantic Actants (Mel’cuk, 2004) ≠ LinguisticPredicates logical predicate (to eat)(Paul ; eggs ; plate) (outil)(Paul ; Untangle) (outil)(Paul ; Carpenter) split optional

  9. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Need 1: Theory of Semantic Actants (Mel’cuk, 2004) ≠ LinguisticPredicates logical predicate (to eat)(Paul ; eggs ; plate) (outil)(Paul ; Untangle) (outil)(Paul ; Carpenter) an actant maybe a predicate split optional

  10. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Existing KR Formalisms • Semantic Web Formalisms • RDF - orientedlabelled graphs • OWL - Description Logics • SPARQL - Query, ...

  11. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Existing KR Formalisms • Semantic Web Formalisms • RDF - orientedlabelled graphs No Semantics • OWL - Description Logics Onlybinary relationsReify ? -> No Semantics

  12. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Existing KR Formalisms • Conceptual Graphs • SowaOrientedlabelled Graphs • Sowa drewhis inspiration fromTesnière • Rules, reasoning,(Baget, Mugnier, Chein, ...) • Concepts and Relations definitions, (Sowa, Leclère, ...)

  13. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Existing KR Formalisms • Conceptual Graphs Alternation Concept – Relation

  14. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Choose Formalism Populate Applications t The Unit Graphs Formalism • a graph-basedformalism, • to representlinguisticunits

  15. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Choose Formalism Populate Applications t The Unit Graphs Formalism Draw inspiration from GC and Develop a RDF syntaxto exchange knowledge

  16. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Choose Formalism Populate Applications t The Unit Graphs Formalism Draw inspiration from GC and Develop a RDF syntaxto exchange knowledge

  17. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Choose Formalism Populate Applications t The Unit Graphs Formalism Whatreasoningcapabilities ?

  18. Lefrançois, Gandon, The Unit Graphs Framework: Linguistic Knowledge Representation • Needs, problems • ExistingKnowledgeRepresentationFormalisms • The Unit Graphs formalism • Unit Graphs • Rules and Definitions • Reasoningwith Unit Graphs • LogicalSemantics • Entailmentproblem 1. ChooseFormalism

  19. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Unit Types – Lexicon • Units–Representations (c.f., Mel’čuk, 2004)

  20. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Unit Types • Specify How theirunits are to belinkedto otherunits in Unit Graphs • throughActantial Structure: • Actant Slots (ASlots) • Signatures

  21. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support

  22. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support Hierarchy of Unit Types • Primitive Unit Types (PUTs) • Lexical unit type ANIMALGrammatical unit type Verb, Noun, plurSurface Semantic unit type (animal) • Conjunctive Unit Types (PUTs)A Unit may consist of several conjoint PUTs • { def, plur, ANIMAL } ((the animals))

  23. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support Hierarchy of Unit Types • Primitive Unit Types (PUTs) • Lexical unit type ANIMALGrammatical unit type Verb, Noun, plurSurface Semantic unit type (animal) • Are pre-ordered • plurpluralizable • /animal\ /dog\

  24. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support Hierarchy of Unit Types • Unit Types specify how theirunitsare to belinkedthroughActantial Structure • Actant Slots (ASlots) • Signatures

  25. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support Hierarchy of Unit Types • Actant Slots • Have Symbols • Deep Semantics: lexicalized semantic roles Surface Semantics: Numbers • Deep Syntax: Roman numerals • May beObligatory,Optional, Prohibited

  26. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs radix obligat prohibet absurd Organization of the Unit Types Hierarchy with respect to a unique ASymbol s The complete Unit Types Hierarchy is an intricated superposition of such figures ≃

  27. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support Hierarchy of Unit Types • Signatures • denote the type of units that fill an ASlots of a unit of a type t

  28. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs As we go down the hierarchy, signatures may only be specialized

  29. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support Hierarchy of Circumstantial Symbols • Circumstantial Symbols: • Deep and Surface Semantics: none • Deep Syntax: ATTR, COORD, APPEND • ... • Are organized in hierarchy • ex: ATTR deep syntactic CSymbol • Are signed

  30. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support Unit Node Markers Arbitrary Symbols Every Element of M identifies a specific unit; Multiple elements of M may identify the same unit.

  31. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support • Unit nodes • Unit nodes labels : a type + a marker • Actantial triples • Circumstantial triples • Declared equivalences of unit nodes

  32. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support

  33. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs • Unit Graphs • are defined over a Support

  34. Lefrançois, Gandon, The Unit Graphs Framework: Linguistic Knowledge Representation • Needs, problems • ExistingKnowledgeRepresentationFormalisms • The Unit Graphs formalism • Unit Graphs • Rules and Definitions • Reasoningwith Unit Graphs • LogicalSemantics • Entailmentproblem 1. ChooseFormalism

  35. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Unit Graphs Homomorphism • « Is UG Gcontained in UG H ? » • OrientedLabelled Graphs Homomorphism • arcs must bepreserved • labels maygetspecialized

  36. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Unit Graphs Homomorphism

  37. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Unit Graphs Rules • A HypothesisH • A Conclusion G • A partial mappingfromnodes of H to nodes of C

  38. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Unit Graphs Rules • A ruleRis Applicable to Giifthereis a homomorphismH->G • ApplyruleR: addC to G and mergenodes

  39. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs PUT Definitions

  40. Lefrançois, Gandon, The Unit Graphs Framework: Linguistic Knowledge Representation • Needs, problems • ExistingKnowledgeRepresentationFormalisms • The Unit Graphs formalism • Unit Graphs • Rules and Definitions • Reasoningwith Unit Graphs • LogicalSemantics • Entailmentproblem 1. ChooseFormalism

  41. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Reasoningwith Unit Graphs

  42. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs Logical Semantics of UGs: Closure

  43. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs LogicalSemantics of UGs: Closure

  44. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs LogicalSemantics of UGs: Closure

  45. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs LogicalSemantics of UGs: Closure

  46. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs LogicalSemantics of UGs: Closure

  47. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs LogicalSemantics of UGs: Closure

  48. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs LogicalSemantics of UGs: Closure

  49. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs LogicalSemantics of UGs: Closure

  50. Lefrançois, Gandon, Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lex. Definitions using Unit Graphs LogicalSemantics of UGs: Closure

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