Unit 1

1. Unit 1 Topic: Industrialization and Progressivism (1877-1920) Ignited by post-Civil War demand and fueled by technological advancements, large-scale industrialization began in the United States during the late 1800s. Growing industries enticed foreign immigration, fostered urbanization, gave rise to the American labor movement and developed the infrastructure that facilitated the settling of the West. A period of progressive reform emerged in response to political corruption and practices of big business.

2. Chapter 5: Progressives Content Statement: The Progressive era was an effort to address the ills of American society stemming from industrial capitalism, urbanization and political corruption. Expectations for Learning: Analyze and evaluate the success of progressive reforms during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in addressing problems associated with industrial capitalism, urbanization and political corruption.

3. Section 1: Prelude to Progressivism Content Elaboration: Industrial capitalism, urbanization, and political corruption contributed to many of the problems in American society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Organized movements, such as the Farmers’ Alliances and the Populist Party, were reactions to the effects of industrialization and created a reform agenda which contributed to the rise of Progressivism. Journalists, called muckrakers, exposed political corruption, corporate and industrial practices, social injustice and life in urban America.

4. What is reform? • A: Reform means to make changes for the better • During the IR, Many people believed there were corrupt things going on. Those who tried to change these evils were known as reformers. • Reformers usually joined either the Populist Party or the Progressive Party.

5. Farmers • Farm Unions—Grangers, Farmers Alliance and the POPULIST PARTY (a farming reform group) • Gov run the RR’s • Help to increase farm prices (prices low due to overproduction) • Low interest loans

6. At meeting halls, like this one near Murphysboro, Grange members gathered to plan improvements for the agriculture industry

7. Muckrakers • A. Journalists • 1. Named by Teddy Roosevelt • 2. Told stories of corruption in order to get reform • 3. Sometimes they made up stories of corruption in order to sell more newspapers • 4. Everybody read their stories • Example: Lincoln Steffens • “Tweed Days in St. Louis” • a. misgovernment in the city • Shame of the Cities • He was a feared writer

8. 2. Ida Tarbell • * She bashed John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil • a. it ruined her father’s business • 3. Upton Sinclair--most famous muckraker • 1. Wrote The Jungle • 2. Exposed the Meat Packing Industry • These writers got their message to everybody. Millions bought newspapers and magazines to read the muckrakers’ stories. This led to even more REFORM!!!!

9. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

10. OGT Multiple Choice • ______ (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) In the late 19th century, farmers in the United States responded to the changing economy in which of the following political movements? • A. Civil Rights • B. Abolitionist • C. Populist • D. Progressive

11. OGT Multiple Choice • _____ (Blue Book, 2005) The Populist Party program • A. was so impractical that none of it was ever enacted • B. wanted to prohibit government intervention in the economy • C. Favored laissez-faire policies to help corporations • D. favored government regulation of railroads

12. Section 2: Progressives Dealing With the Problems of Industrial Capitalism Content Elaboration: Progressives introduced reforms to address the ills associated with industrial capitalism. Their efforts led to anti-trust suits (e.g., Northern Securities Company), anti-trust legislation (Clayton Antitrust Act), railroad regulation (Hepburn Act) and consumer protection legislation (e.g., Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act). The Federal Reserve Act was passed to control the nation’s money supply and regulate the banking system. Conservation reforms included the creation of the U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Service and the passage of the Newlands Act.

13. The Progressive Movement • The Progressive Movement was an urban, middle-class reaction to social and economic dislocations fostered by the growth of the United States as an industrial power.

14. Progressive Reformers • 1. fight business corruption • 2. fight monopolies • a. New laws would regulate big business • 3. better living conditions • 4. strengthen political system • a. Voters will have more say in selecting candidates • 5. Many people involved in progressive movement

15. Reforms Legislation • A. Meat Inspection Act--gov. had right to inspect meat • 1. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair • B. Pure Food and Drug Act • 1. manufacture and sale of impure foods, drugs, and liquors was forbidden • C. Employers’ Liability Act • 1. provided accident insurance for railroad workers • D. Strengthen Interstate Commerce Commission 1. They would regulated RR • E. Newlands Reclamation Act • 1. Money from sales of land in west would go to build dams and canals • 2. This allowed for dry areas to get water

16. Other Reforms • a. child-labor laws • b. workmen’s compensation • c. insurance for sick, old, and disabled • d. minimum wages • e. By WWI, 26 states were “dry” • f. changed tax laws to heavily tax: • -the rich • -big businesses • -inheritance

17. Section 3: Progressives Dealing With the Problems of Political Corruption Content Elaboration: Progressives fought political corruption and introduced reforms to make the political process more democratic (e.g., initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballot, new types of municipal government, civil service reform, primary elections). Other Progressive reforms included the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments.

18. OGT Multiple Choice • _____ (Blue Book, 2005) The Progressive movement is best defined as • A. an organized political party with a clear-cut set of goals • B. an urban, middle-class reaction to social and economic dislocations fostered by the growth of the United States as an industrial power • C. pro business and antiunion • D. made up mostly of minorities and labor union members

19. Reforms • A. Australian ballot • 1. Secret ballot • 2. Used to help stop political bosses • B. Direct primary • 1. Mississippi and Wisconsin used it first (1902) • 2. Each party candidates voted by people • C. Initiative • 1. the people can start a bill • 2. takes 5 to 8% • D. Referendum • 1. a direct vote from the people to make a new • law or change an old law • E. Recall • 1. the people could replace an elected official • Example: 2003 California used the recall to replace the governor (Gray Davis) with Arnold Schwartzenegger.

20. Progressive Amendments • 16th Amendment: Income Tax • 17th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators • 18th Amendment: Prohibition • 19th Amendment: Women’s suffrage

21. OGT Multiple Choice • _____ (2005 Practice Test) Progressive reformers after 1900 sought to regulate working conditions and to set a minimum age for child labor. The need for this legislation was prompted by • A. Civil War casualties leading to children taking the jobs of others • B. unions restricting membership to adult workers • C. industrialists using child labor to keep production costs down • D. lack of job opportunities for children seeking after-school jobs

22. OGT Multiple Choice • _____ (2005 Practice Test) How did the U.S. Constitution change as a result of the ratification of the 19th Amendment? • A. The right of suffrage was extended to women. • B. Freedom of assembly was restricted • C. The power of government decreased • D. Freedom of the press was strengthened