By Kurt A. Detzer, VDI, TUM, Germany

1. Responsibility for Sustainable Technological DevelopmentA Lecture at the Technical University of Munich TUM By Kurt A. Detzer, VDI, TUM, Germany

2. Guideline on Technology Assessment(VDI 3780) In the years 1980 to 1990, the Professional Division of the German Association of Engineers (VDI) elaborated a Guideline on Technology Assessment (VDI 3780), where “values in technical action” are defined. A look on the Value-octagon of VDI 3780 shows not only the most important values but interrelations between them; these can be conflicting or enhancing. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

3. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

4. Fundamentals of Engineering Ethics(VDI 2000, excerpt) • "Engineers are committed to developing sensible and sustainable technological systems!" • "Engineers are aware of the embeddedness of technical systems into their societal, economic and ecological context, and their impact on the lives of future generations!" • "Engineers are committed to enhancing critical reflection on technology within schools, universities, enterprises, and professional institutions!" Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

5. Questions, dealt with in the lectures: • Who is responsible for what, to whom, according to which principles and/or criteria? • What do we know about damages, risks, uncertainty etc? • How can or must responsibility be attributed or ascribed? • Which sciences contribute answers to the often dilemmatic problems such as Product Liability, Liability for the Environment, ignorance and uncertainty? • What can Codes of Conduct or Ethical Principles contribute to the Engineering Profession? • Which guidelines, principles, concepts should be followed by engineers and managers to enhance Sustainable Development? Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

6. Some anticipated Conclusions • Education in and for Sustainable Development is necessary at all levels and in all schools (private and public, primary and secondary), universities and other professional training! • Sustainable Development is a roof concept for many predecessor and/or partial concepts! • Therefore the dimensions of sustainable development must be made clear; precursor as well as partial concepts relevant for the target group must be pointed out! Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

7. Dimensions of Sustainability Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

8. Starting Points • Global crisis potentials, end-of-world-perspectives • Criticism of culture, technology, engineers • Government, responsibility, liability • World perception, concepts of life • Ethics, philosophy, religion, theology Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

9. Students identify global crisis-potentials • global warming, ozone depletion • wars, conflicts, ABC-weapons; political, racist, religious radicalization; terrorism • water shortage,water pollution, waste water • population explosion,overpopulation • air pollution, exhaust gases, smog • waste of resources, shortage of energy • new diseases (allergies, AIDS, genetic damages), poisons, toxic wastes, pesticides; • poverty, hunger, food shortage • garbage, (electronic) scrap, soil degradation, erosion, waste of fertilizers • natural catastrophes, inundations, tempests Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

10. Earth Climate System Model Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

11. Visions, Concepts • Codes of Conduct, Ethical Codes • Technology Assessment, Risk Analysis, Life Cycle Analysis, Scenarios • Social Capital, Corporate Citizenship, Corporate Responsibility • Research (Causality) • Voluntary Self-Commitments Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

12. Codes of Conduct for Engineers • 1914; 1977; 1996 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): Code of Ethics • 1912 - 2003 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE): Code of Ethics • 1947 - 1977 Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET): Code of Ethics for Engineers • 1978 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA): Code of Ethics - A Guideline for Professional Conduct • 1982 Österreichischer Ingenieur- und Architektenverein (ÖIAV): Die Verantwortung des Technikers • 1984 + 2000 American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES): Draft Model Code of Ethics for Engineers • 1990 Fédération Européenne d’Associations Nationales d’Ingénieurs (FEANI): Code of Conduct • 1990 Institute of Electrical and Electronical Engineers (IEEE): Code of Ethics; Guidelines to Professional Employment for Engineers and Scientists • 1991+2002 Schweizerische Akademie der Technischen Wissenschaften (SATW): Ethik für Ingenieure/technische Wissenschaftler • 1995 World Federation of Engineering Organisations (WFEO): Code of Environment Ethics for Engineers • 1996 National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE): Code of Ethics for Engineers • 2002 Association of German Engineers (VDI): Fundamentals of Engineering Ethics Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

13. Guiding Models for Sustainability Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

14. Instruments, Actions • International conferences, conventions and regimes • National and regional sustainability programmes • Laws and provisions, standards, guidelines • Taxes, charges, duties • Management systems (for quality, risk, environment etc; integratedmanagem.) • (Stakeholder) Dialogues, panels, circles for mediation, participation • Emission trading Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

15. Actors, Players • Individuals (as teachers, students, citizens; members of families, institutions etc.) • United Nations and affiliates • National and regional governments • Corporations, trade unions • Universities, schools • Auditing, rating, certifying agencies • NGOs, professional associations, networks, teams Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

16. Continuous Expansion of Liability for Managers, Engineers and Corporations • The civil liability is a fault-based liability. • Product liability in comparison with the fault-based liability already contains elements of granting relief to produce evidence. • In the case of Environmental Liability a further step is done by introducing no-fault liability (strict or absolute liability) in an attempt to fully enforce the “polluter pays” principle laid down in Art. 174(2) EC. The Member States now have until 31 April 2007 to translate the Directive into national law. In practice it is not clear – what exactly “environmental damage” may mean… It is particularly difficult to define the so-called damage to biodiversity. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

17. Continuous Expansion of Liability for Managers, Engineers and Corporations • Other problems are associated with questions relating to • remedial measures (When and where should remedial measures be implemented? And by whom?) • the insurability of environmental damage (the Directive does not provide for any insurance cover) The latter is particularly critical because we do not only have an • expansion of liability to the unforeseeable, • a reversal of the burden of proof, but also • the risk of loosing the assets of an otherwise responsible institution (corporation). Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

18. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) ISO 14.040 - 14.043 • “LCA is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, by: • compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system; • evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs; • interpreting the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases in relation to the objectives of the study. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

19. Example of a Product System for LCA (ISO 14041) Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

20. Structure of LCIA Framework Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

21. Relative contribution of the impact categories to the European damage Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

22. Conclusions (Continuation) The European Union, in its environmental policies emphasises the following areas: • climate change • public health • poverty and social exclusion • ageing society • management of natural resources • mobility and transport Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

23. Conclusions (Continuation) • The teaching assignment reported in this paper focuses on future engineers and managers. Therefore special emphasis is given to such concepts as • Technology assessment, life cycle analysis, risk analysis • Values for technological action, codes of conduct • Arenas such as energy supply, transport, safety and security • Laws and standards for environmental protection and sustainable development • Management systems Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

24. Balanced Scorecard Benchmarking Checklist (Eco-, Social-) Cleaner Production Controlling, (Integrated, Sustainability-, Eco-, Environmental) Corporate Social Accounting Corporate Volunteering Cross-Impact-Analysis Design for Environment, Eco-, Green, Sustainable) Eco-Budgeting, -Checklist, -Compass, -Design , -Labeling Ecological Payback Period Eco-Management and Audit-Scheme EMAS Emissions-Trading Environmental Management Accounting Environmental Innovative Product Development Environmental Rating Environmental Shareholder Value Fair-Label Generation Adjusted Discounting Global Reporting Initiative Green Supply Chain Management Industrial Ecology Label (Sustainability-, Eco-) Life Cycle Analysis Life Cycle Assessment Marketing, (Sustainability-, Eco-) Multiple Scenario Analysis Performance, (Ecological, social) Rating, (Environmental, Sustainability-, Eco-, Social) Product Stewardship Risk Analysis Risk-Management Risk-Map Shareholder Value, Environmental Social Accounting Social Accountability Social-Rating Sponsoring, (Eco-, Social-) Stakeholder Dialogue Stakeholder Value, Stakeholder Value Added Supply Chain Management, (Green, Sustainable) Sustainability Accounting Sustainability Report Sustainable Design Sustainable Supply Total Quality Environmental Management Catchwords related to Sustainability

25. Reports by Students, Presentations of Doctorial Research Projects • Students are encouraged to give lectures on pertinent topics: the subsequent discussions with the plenum are usually less restrained than with the lecturer in front. • The programme is further enriched by an Experimental Game on the Energy Supply System of Germany, using the computer model ENSYS elaborated by the former Academy of Technology Assessment of Baden-Württemberg in Stuttgart. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

26. Conclusions (Continuation) • In order to bring in actuality, Ph.D. students from the Institute of Product Development are invited to present their doctorial research projects, which must be connected with sustainability. • Teaching on Sustainable Development within the Department of Mechanical Engineering of TUM is not limited to the special series of lectures reported here. Elements have entered most other lectures, especially those of product development, manufacturing technologies etc. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

27. Finale: • With every new finding, responsibilities change and thus the obligation of teaching; therefore time and again the Starting Points (climate change, liability, scarcity of resources, wastes etc.) must be revisited: Sustainable Development is a reiterative process and thus a never-ending challenge. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

28. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM

29. Kurt Detzer: A Lecture on Sustainable Technological Development at TUM