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EXIT INDICATORS

EXIT INDICATORS. Transforming Disasters into Opportunities Experiences of India. P.G.Dhar Chakrabarti Executive Director National Institute of Disaster Management 29 th August 2008.

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EXIT INDICATORS

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  1. EXIT INDICATORS

  2. Transforming Disasters into Opportunities Experiences of India P.G.Dhar Chakrabarti Executive Director National Institute of Disaster Management 29th August 2008

  3. ‘Reducing the risks of disasters is a complex, difficult and challenging task. It involves painstaking efforts across sectors over the years which are not always visible and therefore becomes low priorities for the powers that be….. Disasters, on the contrary, are highly visible, occupying the centre stage of public space, in print and electronic media, in society and politics, in mind and consciousness, in a manner which few other event does. The scale and magnitude of human sufferings in disasters provide unique opportunity to mobilize political support and resources to reduce the risks of disasters, to build back better for the future and to make the community and nations resilient to disasters’Ian Davis

  4. Deaths Bhopal Gas Tragedy 1984

  5. Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004

  6. Bam Earthquake 2004

  7. Devastations Muzaffarabad Earthquake 2005

  8. Hurricane Katrina 2005

  9. Destructions Orissa Super Cyclone 1999

  10. Bangladesh Cyclone 2007

  11. Damages Kobe Earthquake 1995

  12. Sichuan Earthquake 2008

  13. Sufferings Nepal- Bihar Flood 2008

  14. Human miseries and sufferings provide opportunities not only for recovery and reconstruction but also to look into what went wrong and improve the system to reduce the chances of their recurrence in future

  15. Recent mega disasters in India In the last decade and half India faced four mega disasters • Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 • Latur Earthquake 1993 • Orissa Super Cyclone 1999 • Gujarat Earthquake 2001 Each of these disasters provided opportunities for improving disaster management system in the country

  16. System exposed…. • No scientific hazard- risk-vulnerability mapping • Inadequate early warning system • Absence of techno-legal regime for safe building • Poor community awareness and preparedness • Environmental degradation precipitating disasters • Development projects creating new disasters • Primitive search and rescue system for disasters • Poor disaster communication system • Inadequate relief management • In short, entire disaster management system was unprofessional and amateurish

  17. Latur earthquake 1993 • September 30, 1993: 3:56 am • Earthquake 6.3 on Richter scale • Epicentre near Killari in Latur district of Maharastra State • Latur and Osmanabad districts worst hit, 11 other districts also affected by the earthquake • 1500 villages damaged, 52 villages razed to ground • 9497 killed, 16,000 injured • 25,000 houses collapsed, another 200,000 suffered extensive damages

  18. Reconstruction project • US $ 358 million Maharashtra Earthquake Reconstruction Project • Source of funding: • World Bank Credit: US$ 221 million (62 %), • Government of Maharashtra: US$ 96 million (27 %), • Donors (DFID, UNDP, ADB): US$ 41 million (11 %) • Project area divided in three categories: • A Category: Relocation of 52 most affected villages in Latur and Osmanabad districts: • B Category: In-situ reconstruction of 22 villages in Latur and Osmanabad • C Category: Repairs and strengthening of houses in 1500 villages spread over 11 districts:

  19. Peoples’ entitlements • A Category: Core houses in (250, 400, and 750 Square feet) according to land ownership • B Category: Rs. 62,000 to each beneficiary for reconstruction of their individual houses • C Category: Rs. 17,000 and Rs. 34,500 for repairs, reconstruction and strengthening of houses

  20. Reconstruction Strategy A-Category (52 Villages) • Complete abandonment of old sites • Acquisition of land for relocation sites • Layout, Design and bid preparation by engineering consultants • Tendering for reconstruction • Consultations with the community • New layout of villages • Houses on the basis of nucleus families • Decongestion, but increase in sprawl • Increase in length of internal roads and storm water drains

  21. In-situ Reconstruction B-Category (22 villages) • Work was stalled for more than two years • People wanted relocation • Government finally accepted relocation • Six villages joined the category later • NGOs purchased the land • Construction largely through NGOs (About 10,000 houses) • Layout and design through extensive community consultations • Lesser civic amenities in terms of internal roads and sewerage • A contested process, but a higher level of satisfaction

  22. Repairs and StrengtheningC-Category (1500 villages) • Largest category of program (180,000 houses in 1500 villages across 11 districts) • Owner-driven construction • Disbursement of financial assistance in installments linked to physical progress • Distribution of building material through depots set up by governments • Extensive supervision through engineers at the village-level

  23. Achievement and limitations Category A & B • Construction of 28,000 houses - Low-income groups beneficiaries • Houses brought a new life-style with increase in possession of consumer durables • Different caste groups retained their exclusive identity • Quality Control always an issue both in government as well as NGOs’ construction: An outcome of community participation Category C • Started almost two years later, but finished within one to two years • It acquired the dimension of a housing movement in the region • People used assistance to increase living space and renew their houses • Families participated actively in reconstruction • They brought their own savings

  24. New initiatives after Latur • Earthquake resistant construction technology developed for non- engineered constructions with community participation • Multi-hazard Vulnerability Atlas of the entire country prepared • Disaster management plans prepared for all the districts of Maharastra

  25. Orissa Super Cyclone 1999 • Human Lives Lost- 10086 • Persons injured - 12507 • Population Affected - 15.6 million • Houses damaged or washed away - 1.8 million • Crop area damaged - 1.8 million hectare • Collapse of communication network • Administration paralyzed in initial phase

  26. Long term rehabilitation • World Bank Assisted US$ 500 million Orissa Cyclone reconstruction Project • Project components: • Construction of Multi-Purpose Cyclone Shelters • Cyclone resistant building construction technology for house reconstruction • Community based awareness programmes • Training of disaster managers • Establishment of disaster task forces at micro level • Central, State, District and Local level Disaster Management Plans.

  27. New initiatives after Orissa Super cyclone • Early warning system for cyclone developed • Network of cyclone shelters constructed • Livelihood restoration integrated in poverty alleviation program • High Powered Committee on disaster management set up,

  28. Gujarat Earthquake - 26 January 2001 Earthquake of magnitude 6.9 on Richter scale; Reported lives lost 13,805 One of the worst earthquakes in the last 100 years 167,000 persons suffered injury Over 2,22,035 houses completely destroyed and 9,17,158 houses damaged Over 10 million people affected by the calamity Over 10,000 small and medium industrial units went out of production 50,000 artisans lost their livelihood Over 300 hospitals destroyed 7,633 villages adversely affected, 450 villages flattened totally Around 5 million people needed to be given immediate relief all over the State ….that too in the wake of two consecutive years of drought.

  29. Long Term Rehabilitation Project Total Estimated Cost - Rs. 7,936 crores ($1.76 billion)

  30. Housing reconstruction Owner Driven Reconstruction ( share 80%) • Owner was the prime mover of the reconstruction process and reconstruction as per the need, pace and will of the owner • Government providing material, technical and financial assistance • A sense of acceptance and ownership leading to higher occupancy • Knowledge transfer resulting in long-term disaster management capacity building Public Private Partnership Programme (share 20%) • Partnership with 80 NGOs on a 50% cost sharing basis with government • Community through Gram Sabha to approve NGO involvement

  31. Housing reconstruction SECTOR - HIGHLIGHTS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION • Largely Owner Driven • Minimal relocation • Choice of relocationdecided by village community through gram sabha ENSURING STANDARDS • Multi-hazardresistant reconstruction • Payment of installments after engineers’ certification • Third party quality auditby National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCCBM) RESOURCE ASSISTANCE • Payment made directly in bank accounts - 6,60,000 bank accounts opened • 1,082 material banksopened - 219 lakh cement bags distributed apart from steel at subsidized cost • Excise duty/ Sales tax exemption for building materials procured in Kutch RISK TRANSFER • Insurance to 14 types of hazards for 10 years at premium of Rs.367 deducted from the last financial installment by the state EQUITY • Joint ownership of house by husband and wife

  32. Urban Re- Engineering Programme implementation - Institutional arrangement • Designation of Gujarat Urban Development Company as implementation agency for procurement, design supervision and implementation • Setting up Area Development Authorities in the worst affected towns of Kutch to facilitate thedevelopment process and rehabilitation Programme design • Accurate mapping done through 19 studies of the affected areas • Using existing legislations for preparation of Development Plans (DPs) and Town Planning Schemes (TPS) to lay the base for infrastructure design and implementation • Separate packages for procurement of town planning, infrastructure design and supervising and detailed unit design consultants Community participation • 1,800consultative meetings conducted for incorporating public objections and suggestions in the development and town planning processes

  33. Policy initiatives after Gujarat EQ • Disaster management shifted from Ministry of Agriculture to Ministry of Home • 8 battalion strong National Disaster Response Force sanctioned • Disaster management introduced in curriculum of school education, engineering, architecture, medicine • New building standards in seismic zones • National Institute of Disaster Management set up • Community based DRM program in 17 States

  34. Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 States/ UT affected : Tamil Nadu, Andhra Prrdesh, Kerala, Andaman & Nicobar, Pondicherry • Lives lost : 12405 • Children orphaned : 723 • Persons missing : 5640 • Injured persons : 7500 • Houses damaged : 1.8 million • People evacuated : 89000 • Population affected : 18 million • Cattle loss : 46082 • Fishing vessels damaged / lost : 83788 • Agricultural lands damaged : 8800 ha • Roads damaged : 755 kms • Power lines damaged : 908 kms • Damaged ports/fish landing centers: 14 • Assessment of damage : $ 2.2 billion

  35. Tsunami Reconstruction PlanUS$ 3 billion Sector wise allocation: • 34% on housing and internal infrastructure, • 15% on livelihoods which includes Agriculture, Fishing and Social Welfare Programme • 38% on medium, long term reconstruction covering ports and jetties, roads and bridges, power and communication, tourism and social infrastructure and • 11% on environmental and coastal protection measures

  36. Strategies that helped • Focused leadership and monitoring • Complete decentralization of powers through the empowerment of local district officials • Need based relief activities taken up in advance, examples sustenance packages announced for four months in advance when the livelihoods were not returning to normalcy • Platform created for active participation and co-ordination with NGOs / Corporates and Civil Society • No compromise on standards relating to the quality of materials, specifications for the buildings and the provision of water supply, electricity and other services. • Participation of community at every level of decision making

  37. Coverage of all sectors - fishermen, farmers, farm labourers, SC/ST’s, students, widows, orphans, women who have undergone sterilization operations and so on. • Comprehensive use of technology – wireless sets covering the coastal Panchayats, Collectors, other officers and their vehicles - Web based reporting as well as extensive usage of internet by hosting all the Government orders, guidelines for housing, photos for missing persons • Focus on the conservation of coastal ecology • Uniform Building standards – Disaster resistant features covering earthquake, floods, etc. with close monitoring of quality control. • Desalination and other drinking water solutions. • Solar lights – 4000 lanterns by solar energy. • Use of building materials like micro-concrete tiles, compressed stabilized earthen blocks, fly-ash cement etc.

  38. “The government here has worked cooperatively with civil society to respond to issues of social exclusion. In its housing and livelihoods programs, the government is creating opportunities for traditionally marginalized groups to own assets and resources for the first time in their lives…. What has been done here, I would like to see copied throughout the world.“ Bill Clinton UN Special Envoy on Tsunami Recovery

  39. New policy initiatives after Tsunami • Disaster Management Act 2005 • National Policy on Disaster Management • National Disaster Management Authority set up • Tsunami Early Warning system developed • Emergency Operation Centre in National, State and District Headquarters • Nation wideDisaster Communication Plan

  40. Five Lessons Learnt in Recovery • It is possible to reduce loss of life and property through preparedness • Preparedness is necessary at every level – national, provincial, local and community • Preparedness is necessary in every sector • Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning to ensure better coordination among various sectors in different levels • Such planning needs to be formalized in the shape of manuals and Standard Operating Procedures so that there is no confusion during and after disasters

  41. Five principles of recovery • Holistic - cover housing, infrastructure, education, livelihood, health, psycho-social care etc. • Long term - provide livelihood support including development of skill, provisioning of credit and marketing support etc • ‘Build back better’ - ensure that the houses and infrastructure constructed after disasters withstand the hazards and risks of nature and the hazards do not become disasters again • Sustainable - integrate environmental issues, such regeneration of mangroves, conservation of water, • Inclusive - care for poor and vulnerable - women, children, aged, physically and mentally challenged people

  42. Recovery framework Recovery Pre- Disaster Recovery Planning Sort Term (0 -30 days) Intermediate (1 to 6 months) Long Term (6 m to 3 years) • Search and rescue • Emergency health • Temporary shelter • Food, clothes • Damage assessment • Restoration of critical • infrastructure (power, • telephone, drinking • water etc) • Intermediate shelter • Health Care • Continuation of support • for food, clothes etc • Psycho-social care • School and day care • Preparation of • long term recovery plan • Arranging resources • Permanent housing • Livelihood support • Restoration of physical • Infrastructure • Restoration of • social infrastructure • Psycho-social recovery • Documentation • Memorials

  43. Unfinished agenda…. • India has developed a legal and institutional system of disaster management • India has also taken important steps for better response and preparedness • Lots to be done for preparedness to match acceptable risks • Prevention and mitigation continues to remain weak • Early warning of flood and extreme weather events needs lots of improvements • Hazard resistant building bye laws notified, but standard of implementation is poor • Strengthening of lifeline structures still unattended task • Many metropolitan cities have accumulated risks and vulnerabilities that trigger mega disasters in future • Country is yet to develop a risk transfer and risk insurance system

  44. Thank You

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