Global human rights

1. Global human rights Can universal jurisdiction prevent atrocities?

2. Topics in global affairs • Four topics • Global justice/human rights • Global economic relations/integration (trade/aid) • Global environment • Global security Hans Peter Schmitz

3. Topics today • Events of the day/week/month • Tibet and Kosovo • The Tanker Deal • Global justice/human rights • Defining human rights • International human rights (IHRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL) • What is Universal Jurisdiction (UJ)? • Readings: Kenneth Roth (a constructivist) against Henry Kissinger (a realist) Hans Peter Schmitz

4. Hans Peter Schmitz

5. What are “human rights”? • Human rights are inalienable entitlements held equally by every human being simply because they are human. • International human rights law challenge the idea of state sovereignty,because it prescribes a specific behavior of states towards their own citizens.

6. What is universal jurisdiction? • Jurisdiction: the authority to regulate the conduct of persons (criminal and civil). • States have jurisdiction over territory and population (sovereignty). • Universal jurisdiction: Asserting authority over offences committed abroad by non-residents. • Example: A Spanish court charging A. Pinochet (not a resident of Spain) with human rights abuses he allegedly committed in Chile (not on the territory of Spain). Hans Peter Schmitz

7. Human rights in global affairs • Before 1945: International law only recognized states as subjects in international law. • Before 1945, humanitarian and human rights issues were only raised in a few limited areas: • protection of minorities and foreign nationals; • Labor standards (International Labor Organization, ILO); • Rules of war (Henri Dunant, The International Red Cross); • Slavery and Women’s rights. .

8. UN human rights mandate • Accomplishments • Human rights are now internationally recognizedas universal norms.  • The UN has a mandate to promote human rights. • The UN can require the cooperation of member states in the promotion of human rights.

9. UN human rights mandate: limits • Limits • HR are relegated to the lessimportant area of “social and economic cooperation (Chapter XI) • The UN Charter reaffirms the primacy of “state sovereignty”, in direct contradiction with the idea of “human rights” • Nopowerfulenforcement mechanisms for “human rights”

10. What is International Human Rights Law (IHRL)? • IHRL regulates the domestic conduct of states at any time. • International Human Rights Law • protects individuals from human rights violations.   • Provides civil, political, social, economic, and cultural rights to individuals. • Requests states to promote the rights of its citizens. Hans Peter Schmitz

11. What is International Humanitarian Law (IHL)? • IHL regulates the conduct of states during international (to some degree also: domestic) armed conflicts. • International Humanitarian Law • protects those who do or can not participate in hostilities (wounded combatants, civilians, and POWs).   • gives rights to humanitarian organizations to bring relief to the above mentioned groups. • limits the means of warfare to prevent "unnecessary suffering" (most notable bans: poisonous gas and expanding bullets).  Hans Peter Schmitz

12. Theories of IR and IHL • Neorealism: Regulating war is impossible and unduly limits the means of warfare. • Liberal institutionalism: Regulating warfare is in the best interest of states. As long as war exists, states should regulate warfare without compromising sovereignty. • Constructivism/Idealism: War itself is a violation of fundamental rights. International humanitarian law must aim to abolish war (and states). Hans Peter Schmitz

13. Theories of IR and IHRL • Neorealism: Human rights concerns are dangerous. State sovereignty must trump human rights concerns. If states cared about human rights elsewhere, it will only increase the likelihood of war. • Liberal institutionalism: Human rights will emerge as a result of economic development and global trade. They are not a primary goal of international politics. • Constructivism/Idealism: Human rights should replace sovereignty as the basic principle of international relations. Hans Peter Schmitz

14. Comparing IHL and IHRL • IHL regulates the conduct of states during armed conflicts. • Not a direct challenge to state sovereignty • Protects wounded combatants, POW, and civilians • Regulates means of warfare • Gives access to relief organizations • Is limited to situations of armed conflict • IHRL gives universal rights to all human beings. • Fundamental challenge to state sovereignty • Gives rights to all humans • Is valid at all times and in all places Hans Peter Schmitz

15. The International Criminal Court • The International Criminal Court (ICC) promotes both IHRL and IHL by prosecuting those accused of violating basic human rights and committing atrocities. Hans Peter Schmitz

16. Henry Kissinger: Pitfalls of UJ • Key arguments • Universal jurisdiction violates the basic rule of sovereignty underlying the state system. • State sovereignty trumps human rights. • States never agreed to establish ‘universal jurisdiction.’ • Governments, not unelected judges, should rule in global affairs. • Judicial mechanisms are inappropriate for global affairs. Political solutions have to be found. Hans Peter Schmitz

17. Henry Kissinger: Pitfalls of UJ • Key arguments • UJ is being used by the ‘left’ for political purposes (to go after A. Pinochet). • UJ undermines national reconciliation efforts and imposes foreign law. • Americans could be prosecuted by these courts, thus violating our national interests. • Alternatives: • Strengthen the human rights role of the UN SC. • Create ad hoc tribunals. Hans Peter Schmitz

18. Kenneth Roth: Defending UJ • Key arguments • Human rights trump state sovereignty. • States have failed to enforce human rights abroad and atrocities need to end. • The International Criminal Court (ICC) will serve as a deterrent to future atrocities. Hans Peter Schmitz

19. Answering Kissinger’s claims I • UJ is a new concept. • Answer: it is not new; there is precedent ant intent by states. What is new is a greater willingness to enforce. • Crimes under UJ are vaguely defined. • Answer: Crimes are clearly defined. • Judges are not accountable. • Answer: Judges can be removed by member states. • Americans could be put on trial. • Answer: Only if they commit atrocities and the domestic courts fails to prosecute. Hans Peter Schmitz

20. Answering Kissinger’s claims II • The ICC fails to have due process (trial by jury) • Answer: The U.S. does not always use jury trials and the ICC has standard due process procedures. • National courts play ‘politics’ and advance a leftist agenda. • Answer: Pinochet was put on trial for human rights violations, not for being right-wing. • UJ interferes with national reconciliation. • Answer: Impunity undermines and reconciliation. Hans Peter Schmitz

21. The Nuremberg Principles, 1945 • “Crimes against peace/aggression" become a crime under international law • “Crimes against humanity” enter international law • Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials • Rationale for tribunal (Harry Truman) • It exposed war crimes more effectively. • It averts future hostilities by exacting justice rather than revenge. • It targets the leadership, rather then the population.

22. ICC and ICJ • The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is a civil tribunal that decides only disputes between states. • The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a criminal court that will prosecute individuals. • Like the ICJ, the ICC is permanent and not geographically limited. Both courts are headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands. • Check out the ICC webpage and the ICJ webpage.

23. Mandate of the ICC • What the ICC prosecutes • Crimes Against Humanity • War Crimes • Genocide • What the ICC does not prosecute • Terrorism • Aggression (still to be defined) • Crimes committed prior to its establishment on July 1, 2002.

24. How cases get to the ICC • Three ways of activating the ICC: • The UN Security Council can authorize the court’s actions. • State parties can complain to the court about a situation of alleged violations. • Court’s Prosecutor can initiate an investigation, but needs to convince a pre-trial chamber of three judges.

25. The jurisdiction of the ICC • Crimes committed in the territory of a state which has ratified the Rome Statute. • Crimes committed by a citizen of a state which has ratified the Rome Statute. • The ICC prosecutes individuals regardless of their civilian or military status.

26. The ICC, the UN, and national courts • The ICC complements, rather than replaces domestic prosecution (unlike the Rwanda and Yugoslavia tribunals). Only if domestic courts are “unable or unwilling” to prosecute, the ICC will step in. • The UN Security Council can suspend ICC proceedings for up to 12 months, if the SC is concerned that the court’s proceedings may interfere with the SC’s responsibility “to maintain international peace and security”.

27. The United States and the ICC • Should the United States join the ICC? • Why or why not? • Theories of IR and the ICC • Neorealism: no (Kissinger) • Neoliberal institutionalism: yes • Idealism/Constructivism: yes (Roth)