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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. Overview of Immunity Immunology The Innate Immune Response Phagocytes Innate Defenders ] The Adaptive Immune Response Immunology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Antigens and Antibodies Immunology(continued) Antibodies T Cells and Cellular Immunity Antigen-Presenting Cells ] Immunity and Molecular Signals Immunology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Immunology(continued) Classifying Immunities ] Immunology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

7. Immunology > Overview of Immunity Overview of Immunity • Cells and Organs of the Immune System • Overview of Human-Microbial Reactions • Overview of the Immune System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/overview-of-immunity-135/

8. Immunology > The Innate Immune Response The Innate Immune Response • Natural Killer Cells • Physical and Chemical Barriers • The Complement System • Pathogen Recognition Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/the-innate-immune-response-136/

9. Immunology > Phagocytes Phagocytes • Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis • Antigen-presenting Cells: B and T cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/phagocytes-137/

10. Immunology > Innate Defenders Innate Defenders • The Complement System • Interferons • Natural Killer Cells • Toll-Like Receptors • Iron-Binding Proteins • Antimicrobial Peptides • The Complement System and Heart Disease Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/innate-defenders-138/

11. Immunology > The Adaptive Immune Response The Adaptive Immune Response • Humoral Immune Response • Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/the-adaptive-immune-response-139/

12. Immunology > Antigens and Antibodies Antigens and Antibodies • Immunodeficiency • Antibody Functions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/antigens-and-antibodies-140/

13. Immunology > Antibodies Antibodies • Antibody Proteins and Antigen Binding • Antibody Genes and Diversity • Clonal Selection of Antibody-Producing Cells • Isotype Class Switching • Making Memory B Cells • Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/antibodies-141/

14. Immunology > T Cells and Cellular Immunity T Cells and Cellular Immunity • Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Mucosal Surfaces • Classes of T Cells • Cell-Mediated Immunity • Regulatory T Cells • T Cell Receptors • Adaptive Immunity and the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/t-cells-and-cellular-immunity-142/

15. Immunology > Antigen-Presenting Cells Antigen-Presenting Cells • Dendritic Cells • Macrophages Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/antigen-presenting-cells-143/

16. Immunology > Immunity and Molecular Signals Immunity and Molecular Signals • Clonal Selection and Tolerance • Cytokines and Chemokines • Superantigens • The Complement System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/immunity-and-molecular-signals-144/

17. Immunology > The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) • MHC Polymorphism and Antigen Binding Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/the-major-histocompatibility-complex-mhc-145/

18. Immunology > Classifying Immunities Classifying Immunities • Natural Active Immunity • Natural Passive Immunity • Artificial Immunity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/classifying-immunities-146/

19. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

20. Immunology Key terms • Adaptive (acquired) immunityThe creation of immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. • adaptive immunitythe components of the immune system that adapt themselves to each new disease encountered and are able to generate pathogen-specific immunity. • affinitythe attraction between an antibody and an antigen • alleleOne of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosome. • anaphylactic shockA severe and rapid systemic allergic reaction to an allergen, constricting the trachea and preventing breathing. • antibodiesAn antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an "antigen. " • antibodya protein produced by B-lymphocytes that binds to a specific antigen • antigenA substance that induces an immune response, usually foreign. • antigena substance that binds to a specific antibody; may cause an immune response • antigensIn immunology, an antigen is a substance that evokes the production of one or more antibodies. • antimicrobial peptideAntimicrobial peptides (also called host defense peptides) are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response and are found among all classes of life. • autoimmuneAutoimmunity is the failure of an organism in recognizing its own constituent parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity is often caused by a lack of germ development of a target body, and as such the immune response acts against its own cells and tissues. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

21. Immunology • autoimmunityThe condition where one's immune system attacks one's own tissues, i.e., an autoimmune disorder. • aviditythe measure of the synergism of the strength individual interactions between proteins • B cella lymphocyte, developed in the bursa of birds and the bone marrow of other animals, that produces antibodies and is responsible for the immune system • chemokineAny of various cytokines, produced during inflammation, that organize the leukocytes. • chemotaxisThe movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant. • ciliuma hairlike organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell (such as unicellular organism or one cell of a multicelled organism), which serves either for locomotion by moving or as sensors • class switch recombinationA biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to another; for example, from an isotype called IgM to an isotype called IgG. • classical pathwaya group of blood proteins that mediate the specific antibody response • clonal selectionAn hypothesis which states that an individual lymphocyte (specifically, a B cell) expresses receptors specific to the distinct antigen, determined before the antibody ever encounters the antigen. Binding of Ag to a cell activates the cell, causing a proliferation of clone daughter cells. • cloneA group of identical cells derived from a single cell. • complement systeman aspect of the innate immune system that supplements the actions of the antibodies and phagocytic cells in clearing out pathogens from an organism • cytokineAny of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

22. Immunology • cytokineAny of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system. • cytokineany of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system; they are released upon binding of PRRs to PAMPS • cytokineany of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system; they are released upon binding of PRRs to PAMPS • cytolyticOf or pertaining to cytolysis • cytotoxicof, relating to, or being a cytotoxin • cytotoxic T cella subgroup of lymphocytes (white blood cells) that are capable of inducing death to infected somatic or tumor cells; part of cell-mediated immunity • epitopeThat part of a biomolecule (such as a protein) that is the target of an immune response. • gamma globulina class of proteins in the blood, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis, such as antibodies • haematopoiesisHematopoeisis is the formation of blood cellular components from a common progenitor stem cell. • herd immunitythe protection given to a community against an epidemic of a contagious disease when a sufficient number of the population are immunised or otherwise develop immunity to it • Human microbiomeThe aggregate of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts. They include bacteria, fungi, and archaea. Some of these organisms perform tasks that are useful for the human host. However, the majority have no known beneficial or harmful effect. • Hypervariable regionIn antibodies, hypervariable regions form the antigen-binding site and are found on both light and heavy chains. They also contribute to the specificity of each antibody. In a variable region, the 3 HV segments of each heavy or light chain fold together at the N-terminus to form an antigen binding pocket. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

23. Immunology • IgAimmunoglobulin A is an antibody isotype. • IgGimmunoglobulin G is an antibody isotype. • immuneImmunity is a biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. In other words, it is the capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering it. Immunity involves both specific and non-specific components. • immune cellsWhite blood cells, or leukocytes, are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. • immunitythe state of being insusceptible to a specific thing. • immunodeficiencya depletion in the body's natural immune system, or in some component of it • innate immuneThe innate immune system, also known as non-specific immune system and first line of defense, comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a non-specific manner. This means that the cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but unlike the adaptive immune system, it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. • innate immune systemThis is the initial line of defense that entails a cascade of cells and mechanisms that protect the host from infection by different organisms in an indeterminate pattern. • innate immune systemThis is the initial line of defense that entails a cascade of cells and mechanisms that protect the host from infection by different organisms in an indeterminate pattern. • Innate immunityThe natural resistance with which a person is born. It provides resistance through several physical, chemical, and cellular approaches. • interferonAny of a group of glycoproteins, produced by the immune system, that prevent viral replication in infected cells. • interferon-gammaa cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

24. Immunology • InterferonsInterferons (IFNs) are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells. They allow for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors. • ironIron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. • isotypeAntibodies can come in different varieties known as isotypes, which refer to the genetic variations or differences in the constant regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody. • Kawasaki diseaseA disease in which the medium-sized blood vessels throughout the body become inflamed. Symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, and elevated platelet count. • LactoferrinLactoferrin (LF), also known as lactotransferrin (LTF), is a multifunctional protein of the transferrin family. Lactoferrin is a globular glycoprotein with a molecular mass of about 80 kDa. It is widely represented in various secretory fluids such as milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions. • leukocyteA white blood cell. • LeukocytesCells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist. • lympha colorless, watery, bodily fluid carried by the lymphatic system, consisting mainly of white blood cells • lymphocyteA type of white blood cell or leukocyte that is divided into two principal groups and a null group: B-lymphocytes, which produce antibodies in the humoral immune response, T-lymphocytes, which participate in the cell-mediated immune response, and the null group, which contains natural killer cells, cytotoxic cells that participate in the innate immune response. • lymphocyteA type of white blood cell or leukocyte that is divided into two principal groups and a null group: B-lymphocytes, which produce antibodies in the humoral immune response, T-lymphocytes, which participate in the cell-mediated immune response, and the null group, which contains natural killer cells, cytotoxic cells that participate in the innate immune response. • lymphocytea type of white blood cell or leukocyte that is divided into two principal groups and a null group: B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells • lymphocyteA type of white blood cell or leukocyte that is divided into two principal groups and a null group: B-lymphocytes, which produce antibodies in the humoral immune response, T-lymphocytes, which participate in the cell-mediated immune response, and the null group, which contains natural killer cells, cytotoxic cells that participate in the innate immune response. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

25. Immunology • lymphocytesA lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system. The three major types of lymphocyte are T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. T cells (thymus cells) and B cells (bursa-derived cells) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. • lymphoid organslymph nodes, spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue where lymphocytes reside. • lysisthe disintegration or destruction of cells • macrophageA white blood cell that phagocytizes necrotic cell debris and foreign material, including viruses, bacteria, and tattoo ink. It presents foreign antigens on MHC II to lymphocytes. Part of the innate immune system. • macrophagea white blood cell that phagocytizes necrotic cell debris and foreign material, including viruses, bacteria, and tattoo ink; part of the innate immune system • major histocompatibility complexa protein present on the extracellular surface of the cell that displays portions of the proteins that are degraded inside the cell • major histocompatibility complexMHC is a cell surface molecule that mediate interactions of immune cells with other leukocytes or body cells. MHC determines compatibility of donors for organ transplants as well as one's susceptibility to an autoimmune disease. In humans, MHC is also called human leukocyte antigen (HLA). • memory cellone of a number of types of white blood cells • metachromatic granulea granular cell inclusion present in many bacterial cells, having an avidity for basic dyes and causing irregular staining of the cell • MHCan acronym for major histocompatibility complex; these extracellular protein receptors display antigens derived from extracellular (class I) or intracellular (class II) proteins and other biomolecules • microbicidalfunctioning to reduce the infectivity of microbes • moleculesA molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

26. Immunology • Natural killer cells (or NK cells)Natural killer cells (or NK cells) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system. The role NK cells play is analogous to that of cytotoxic T cells in the vertebrate adaptive immune response. • neutrophilNeutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant type of white blood cells in mammals and form an essential part of the innate immune system. • Opportunistic pathogenOrganisms which cause an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance are classified as opportunistic pathogens. Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the host, such as pathogenic bacteria or fungi in the gastrointestinal or the upper respiratory tract. They may also result from (otherwise innocuous) microbes acquired from other hosts or from the environment as a result of traumatic introduction. An opportunistic disease requires impairment of host defenses. • opsonizationthe process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte • opsonizationthe process of an antigen bound by antibody or complement to attract phagocytic cells. • opsonizeto make (bacteria or other cells) more susceptible to the action of phagocytes by use of opsonins • paratopeThat part of the molecule of an antibody that binds to an antigen • passive immunitythe translocation of active humoral immunity from one individual to another in the form of custom-made antibodies. • pathogensA pathogen or infectious agent (colloquially known as a germ) is a microorganism (in the widest sense, such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus) that causes disease in its host. The host may be an animal (including humans), a plant, or even another microorganism. • pathogensA pathogen or infectious agent (colloquially known as a germ) is a microorganism (in the widest sense, such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus) that causes disease in its host. The host may be an animal (including humans), a plant, or even another microorganism. • phagocyteA cell of the immune system, such as a neutrophil, macrophage or dendritic cell, that engulfs and destroys viruses, bacteria and waste materials, or in the case of mature dendritic cells; displays antigens from invading pathogens to cells of the lymphoid lineage. • phagocytea cell of the immune system, such as a neutrophil, macrophage or dendritic cell, that engulfs and destroys viruses, bacteria, and waste materials Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

27. Immunology • phagocyticPhagocytosis, meaning "cell," and -osis, meaning "process," is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists. • phagocytosisthe process where a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm • polygenicHaving an infinite number of derivatives at a point (otherwise it is monogenic). • polymorphicrelating to polymorphism (any sense), able to have several shapes or forms • Primary pathogenThese pathogens cause disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host. Their intrinsic virulence (the severity of the disease they cause) is due to their need to reproduce and spread. • primary responsethe immune response occurring on the first exposure to an antigen, with specific antibodies appearing in the blood after a multiple day latent period • secondary responsethe immune response occurring on second and subsequent exposures to an antigen, with a stronger response to a lesser amount of antigen, and a shorter lag time compared to the primary immune response • Self moleculesThose components of an organism's body that can be distinguished by the immune system from foreign substances. • signaling pathwaySignal pathways occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response. There are two stages in this process:A signaling molecule activates a specific receptor protein on the cell membrane.A second messenger transmits the signal into the cell, eliciting a physiological response.In either step, the signal can be amplified. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses. • Somatic hypermutationa cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it (for example, microbes). A major component of the process of affinity maturation, SHM diversifies B cell receptors used to recognize foreign elements (antigens) and allows the immune system to adapt its response to new threats during the lifetime of an organism. • superantigenan antigen, which has a powerful interaction with T-lymphocytes • T cella lymphocyte, from the thymus, that can recognize specific antigens and can activate or deactivate other immune cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

28. Immunology • T cella lymphocyte, from the thymus, that can recognize specific antigens and can activate or deactivate other immune cells • T cellsA lymphocyte, from the thymus, that can recognise specific antigens and can activate or deactivate other immune cells. • Toll-like receptorToll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system as well as the digestive system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. • transferrinA glycoprotein, a beta globulin, in blood serum that combines with and transports iron • V(D)J recombinationAlso known as somatic recombination, this is a mechanism of genetic recombination in the early stages of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptors (TCR) production of the immune system. • vaccinationinoculation with a vaccine in order to protect a particular disease or strain of disease. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

29. Immunology The Time Course of an Immune Response Immune reactants, such as antibodies and effector T-cells, work to eliminate an infection, and their levels and activity rapidly increase following an encounter with an infectious agent, whether that agent is a pathogen or a vaccine. For several weeks these reactants remain in the serum and lymphatic tissues and provide protective immunity against reinfection by the same agent. During an early reinfection, few outward symptoms of illness are present, but the levels of immune reactants increase and are detectable in the blood and/or lymph. Following clearance of the infection, antibody level and effector T cell activity gradually declines. Because immunological memory has developed, reinfection at later times leads to a rapid increase in antibody production and effector T cell activity. These later infections can be mild or even inapparent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Immune response."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immune_response.jpgView on Boundless.com

30. Immunology Complement death A complement protein attacking an invader. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Complement death."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complement_death.PNGView on Boundless.com

31. Immunology Dendritic cell Dendritic cell characterized by membranous projections that resemble spines. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Dendritic cell."CC BY 2.5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendritic_cell.JPGView on Boundless.com

32. Immunology Hematopoiesis in Humans This diagram shows hematopoiesis as it occurs in humans. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hematopoiesis (human) diagram."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hematopoiesis_(human)_diagram.pngView on Boundless.com

33. Immunology A schematic view of clonal selection Clonal selection of lymphocytes: 1) A hematopoietic stem cell undergoes differentiation and genetic rearrangement to produce 2) immature lymphocytes with many different antigen receptors. Those that bind to 3) antigens from the body's own tissues are destroyed, while the rest mature into 4) inactive lymphocytes. Most of these will never encounter a matching 5) foreign antigen, but those that do are activated and produce 6) many clones of themselves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Clonal selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clonal_selection.svgView on Boundless.com

34. Immunology Bacteria commonly found in and on humans This is a depiction of the human body and bacteria that predominates throughout it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Skin Microbiome20169-300."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_Microbiome20169-300.jpgView on Boundless.com

35. Immunology Class Switch Recombination Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Class switch recombination."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_switch_recombination.pngView on Boundless.com

36. Immunology Cell-mediated immunity T cells promote the killing of cells that have ingested microorganisms and present foreign antigens on their surface. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SAhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/T_cell_activation.svg/1000px-T_cell_activation.svg.pngView on Boundless.com

37. Immunology Macrophage Macrophages are antigen presenting cells that engulf microbes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Macrophage."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macrophage.pngView on Boundless.com

38. Immunology IgA antibody The dimeric IgA molecule.1 H-chain2 L-chain3 J-chain4 secretory component. IgA antibodies are transferred from mother to child in colostrum and milk and confer passive immunity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Immunglobulin A as Dimer."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immunglobulin_A_as_Dimer.pngView on Boundless.com

39. Immunology Antibodies bind to specific antigens Schematic diagram of an antibody and antigens. Light chains are in lighter blue and orange, heavy chains in darker blue and orange. Each antibody binds to a specific antigen; an interaction similar to a lock and key. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Antibody.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antibody.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

40. Immunology Basic Antibody Structure Heavy and light chains, variable and constant regions of an antibody Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Antibody%252520je2."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antibody_je2.pngView on Boundless.com

41. Immunology Mechanisms of antibody action Antibodies may inhibit infection by (a) preventing the antigen from binding to its target, (b) tagging a pathogen for destruction by macrophages or neutrophils, or (c) activating the complement cascade. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Antibodies. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/Figure_42_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

42. Immunology Antibody affinity, avidity, and cross reactivity (a) Affinity refers to the strength of single interactions between antigen and antibody, while avidity refers to the strength of all interactions combined. (b) An antibody may cross-react with different epitopes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Antibodies. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/Figure_42_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

43. Immunology The malaria plasmodium Malaria is transmitted to people and animals by mosquitoes. Malarial sporozoites develop inside oocysts and are released in large numbers into the hemocoel of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. This false-colored electron micrograph shows a sporozoite migrating through the cytoplasm of midgut epithelia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Malaria."CC BY 2.5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaria.jpgView on Boundless.com

44. Immunology Lymphocytes Lymphocytes, such as NK cells, are characterized by their large nuclei that actively absorb Wright stain and, therefore, appear dark colored under a microscope. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Innate Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/Figure_42_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

45. Immunology Redistribution within the immunoglobulin (antibody) gene Schematic overview of V(D)J recombination. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."VDJ recombination."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VDJ_recombination.pngView on Boundless.com

46. Immunology A Phagocyte in Action Neutrophil engulfing anthrax bacteria. Taken with a Leo 1550 scanning electron microscope. Scale bar is 5 micrometers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Neutrophil with anthrax copy."CC BY 2.5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpgView on Boundless.com

47. Immunology Antigen Binding Fragment Scheme of an IgM/IgE with its costant (C) and variable (V) regions: 1) antigen binding fragment 2) Fab region 3) Fc regionblue: heavy chainsyellow: light chains Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."IgM%252520IgE%252520scheme."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IgM_IgE_scheme.pngView on Boundless.com

48. Immunology TLR3 The curved leucine-rich repeat region of Toll-like receptors, represented here by TLR3 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."TLR3 structure."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TLR3_structure.pngView on Boundless.com

49. Immunology Schematic diagram indicating the complementary activities of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells. Schematic diagram indicating the complementary activities of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Natural killer cells."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cellsView on Boundless.com

50. Immunology Signaling pathway Signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors. Dashed grey lines represent unknown associations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Toll-like receptor pathways revised."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toll-like_receptor_pathways_revised.jpgView on Boundless.com