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Structure of Information

Structure of Information. Week 5. Information Needs. Don Case (2002) [FIOS p.40] Jarvelin & Ingwersen’s definition [FIOS p.40] Dervin’s “dubious assumptions”. Basic Needs & Drives. “Information does not shelter us, clothe us, warm or cool us, or feed us.” Primal signals.

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Structure of Information

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  1. Structure of Information Week 5

  2. Information Needs • Don Case (2002) [FIOS p.40] • Jarvelin & Ingwersen’s definition [FIOS p.40] • Dervin’s “dubious assumptions”

  3. Basic Needs & Drives • “Information does not shelter us, clothe us, warm or cool us, or feed us.” • Primal signals

  4. Entertainment & Information • Entertainment is information • Pros of it [FIOS pg. 43] • Economic rationale behind entertainment

  5. An Instinctive Need to Know? • Social utility • Valuable to “us” as a society or social beings • Instrumental utility • A means to an end • Intrinsic utility • “hard wired” to being human • Bosman & Rnckstorf (1996)

  6. Info Need as Sense-Making • Dervin (1989) • Reasonableness • Situational • Context • Constructed • [FIOS pg. 45]

  7. Individual Info. Seeking Paths • Environmental info • Families, friends, neighbors • Then libraries or Internet • Tend to repeat strategy until inefficient • “unsophisticated”

  8. How Do You Feel about the Process? • Kuhlthau (1993): • Initiating • Selecting • Exploring • Formulating • Collecting • Presenting • FIOS p.47

  9. Info. Organization • How information is classed • Fact or fiction? • Aboutness • Authority • medium • How individuals understand how information is classed

  10. 3 Concepts • Pertinence • Relevance • Salience

  11. Pertinence • If an info object fulfills an information need, whether or not the info. object is congruent to expressed need. • Very close to relevant but slightly different

  12. Relevance • A degree of “aboutness” an info. object has in meeting specific info. needs of the interrogator.

  13. Salience • The utility of relevant information

  14. Pertinence, Relevance, & Salience • My expressed information need is: • “I want paragraph 1 from page 42 of chapter 3 of Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia (2001) as editable text”

  15. Pertinence, Relevance, & Salience • My expressed information need is: • “I want paragraph 1 from page 42 of chapter 3 of Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia (2001) as editable text” • If I got a result of: • An mp3 file containing an interview with Boym where she discusses chapter 3 in its entirety, then this result would be pertinent and somewhatrelevant.

  16. Pertinence, Relevance, & Salience • My expressed information need is: • “I want paragraph 1 from page 42 of chapter 3 of Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia (2001) as editable text” • If I got a result of: • A photocopy of page 42, then this result would be pertinent AND relevant, but not very salient

  17. Pertinence, Relevance, & Salience • My expressed information need is: • “I want paragraph 1 from page 42 of chapter 3 of Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia (2001) as editable text” • If I got a result of: • A OCR PDF of chapter 3, then this result would be pertinent AND relevant, AND salient

  18. Recall & Precision • Recall = (A/(A+B))x100 • Relevant records returned out of total # of relevant records • Precision = (A/(A+C))x100 • # of relevant records retrieved to relevant and nonrelevant records in a DB.

  19. Web Words That Lure Readers • Search engine optimization (SEO) • “Chelsy Davy & Prince Harry slideshow • Tactics used to get search engine users to visit a site • Choosing story topics based on popular searches • Trying to maximize “pass alongs” on social networks

  20. Web Words That Lure Readers • Pros: • Models for profitable journalism in a postprint world • Cons: • drive online media to publish low-quality articles that are written to appeal to search engines instead of people.

  21. Web Words That Lure Readers • Strategies include: • 1. filling articles with keywords that people might search for • 2. writing teaser headlines that people cannot help but click on • 3. including copious links to other stories on the same site.

  22. Web Words That Lure Readers • Content farms • Demand Media • Software looks at activity on search engines; generates headlines from it, then writers create corresponding copy • Yahoo’s Associated Content • AOL’s Seed

  23. How Google Dominates Us • Google is trying to read “the world brain” • Google is the oracle of “re-direction” • It, itself holds no answers • Google does not own but “possesses” a great deal of information

  24. How Google Dominates Us • …Page said, “Eventually you’ll have the implant, where if you think about a fact, it will just tell you the answer.” • Cyborg potentiality • PageRank • “the algorithm assigns every page a rank, depending on how many other pages link to it.” • “PageRank is a probability distribution, and the calculation is recursive, each page’s rank depending on the ranks of pages that depend…and so on”

  25. How Google Dominates Us • “The merchandise of the information economy is not information; it is attention.” • “These commodities have an inverse relationship. When information is cheap, attention becomes expensive. Attention is what we, the users, give to Google, and our attention is what Google sells—concentrated, focused, and crystallized.”

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