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Agenda

Agenda. Review from last class Where are we in the course? Wave-particle duality of light Polarization Momentum carried by light Interference with single photons Light-matter interaction. M.E.: pp. 263-271. Introduction to quantum optics. M.E.: pp. 27-44.

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Agenda

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  1. Agenda • Review from last class • Where are we in the course? • Wave-particle duality of light • Polarization • Momentum carried by light • Interference with single photons • Light-matter interaction M.E.: pp. 263-271 Introduction to quantum optics M.E.: pp. 27-44 Aside: Problem set 2 on website and can be picked up. MIDTERM: 26 October 2004 7PM-8:30PM Location: Stirling412A and 412B Laser Optics – Phys460

  2. 1. Review: detector technology • General detector technology • photovoltaic (photodiode, avalanche photodiode) • photomultiplier • photoconductor • thermal detectors (far infrared) • Issues for detection • “Dark” signal (noise equivalent power) (e.g., 100 fW) • Quantum efficiency (e.g., 0.7) • Responsivity (e.g. 1 A/W) • Linearity • Speed (e.g. 10 MHz) • Ease of use 200nm-15m 200nm-1100nm 2-10m >1m “Name four issues that must be considered when choosing a detector.” Laser Optics – Phys460

  3. 2. Course syllabus Introduction • Chap. 1 - Simple description of laser optics [pp.1-19]. Light propagation • Chap. 2 - Maxwell equations review (inhomogeneous wave equation) [pp.21-27]. • Chap. 14 - Light propagation: ray and paraxial wave (Gaussian) optics [pp.469-501, pp. 507-511], diffraction and Fourier optics [pp. 511-523], Holography [pp. 594-609], fiber optics and telecommunications [pp. 609-618]. • Chap. 9. - Light: wave or particle? [pp. 263-271]. Light-matter interaction (classical) • Chap. 2 - Classical dispersion [pp. 27-44, 49-62]. • Chap. 3. - Classical absorption [pp. 65-112]. Application: eye surgery [not in text]. Application: brief introduction to laser cooling [not in text]. Application: brief introduction to nonlinear optics [This is discussed in your textbook (Chap. 17) but at much more depth than we will cover in class] Light-matter interaction (semiclassical) and the laser • Chap. 7 - Semiclassical light-matter interaction (stimulated absoprtion/emission) [pp. 211-242] • Chap. 10. - Laser gain and threshold [pp. 293-318] • Chap. 11. - Laser (cw) power and frequency [pp. 321-363] • Chap. 13 - Laser (ML) multimode and transient [pp. 365-403] Laser Optics – Phys460

  4. y x 3. Wave-particle duality of light • Up to now, considered light only as a wave. • Consider transmission though a polarizer: • Consider light as a particle: y polarization Malus’ Law: Axis determined by polarizer x Single photon source For a single photon Malus’ Law does not hold. If number of photons is large, we approach Laser Optics – Phys460

  5. 3. Wave-particle duality of light - momentum • Light carries momentum • M.E. discuss the recoil of atoms when they emit a photon • Optical tweezers: Glass sphere “optical trapping”/“optical tweezers” -interesting bioapplications Intensity(y) Laser Optics – Phys460

  6. d D 3. Wave-particle duality of light - interference • Young double-slit experiment: easily understand if light is a wave. y Laser Optics – Phys460

  7. d D 3. Wave-particle duality of light - interference • If light is a particle, shouldn’t we see:. Each photon goes through both slits and interferes with itself! It still is measured at a specific y on the screen. y If we measure which slit the photon went through, the interference pattern is NOT observed. Laser Optics – Phys460

  8. 3. Wave-particle duality summary • Brief introduction to “quantum optics”. • Classical wave predictions correspond to quantum optics probability distribution functions. • Quantum optics results approach classical optics if the number of photons is very large. • As Feynman said: Wave or particle? Light is neither! • With lasers, we work very hard to make many photons in the same state (phase state). Classical optics model works extremely well! M.E.: pp 263-271 Laser Optics – Phys460

  9. Inhomogenous wave equation 4. Light-matter interaction • Return to Maxwell! • But what is “polarization”? Dipole moment density induced in the material by E! Maxwell no help in determining ‘P’. Laser Optics – Phys460

  10. E2 E2 - E1 =h E1 4. Light-matter interaction • Classical light interacting with classical matter • Classical light interacting with “quantum” matter Semiclassical model Laser Optics – Phys460

  11. 4. Classical light-matter interaction Please read M.E.: pp. 27-44 Laser Optics – Phys460

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